AT-100PRO OPERATIONS MANUAL

MANUAL REV B

LDG AT-100Pro 100W Automatic Antenna Tuner

LDG Electronics
1445 Parran Road St. Leonard MD 20685-2903 USA Phone: 410-586-2177 Fax: 410-586-8475 [email protected] www.ldgelectronics.com

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Table Of Contents
Introduction Jumpstart, or Real hams don!t read manuals! Specifications An Important Word About Power Levels Important Safety Warning Getting to know your AT-100Pro
Front Panel: Back Panel:

3 3 4 4 4 5
5 6

Installation Basic Operation

7 9
9 9 10 12

Tuning
Basic Tuning Operation Manual Memory Tune Manual Full Tune Bypass Mode Error Indication

13
13 13 14 14 15

Advanced Operation
Manual Inductor/Capacitor Adjustments High/Low Relay Adjustment Manual Memory Store Status Check

15
15 16 16 16

Application Notes
Mobile Operation Conserving Power When Operating on Batteries Internally Generated RF Noise MARS/CAP Coverage

17
17 18 18 18

Theory of Operation
Some basic ideas about impedance Transmitters, transmission lines, antennas, and impedance

18
18 19

The LDG AT-100Pro Quick Reference A Word About Tuning Etiquette Care and Maintenance Technical Support Two-Year Transferrable Warranty Out Of Warranty Service Returning Your Product For Service Product Feedback

20 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24

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INTRODUCTION LDG pioneered the automatic, wide-range switched-L tuner in 1995. From its laboratories in St. Leonard, Maryland, LDG continues to define the state of the art in this field with innovative automatic tuners and related products for every amateur need. Congratulations on selecting the LDG Electronics AT-100Pro 100-watt automatic tuner. The AT100Pro provides fully- and semi-automatic antenna tuning across the entire HF spectrum plus 6 meters, at power levels up to 125 watts. It will tune dipoles, verticals, Yagis, or virtually any coax-fed antenna. It will match an amazing range of antennas and impedances, far greater than some tuners you may have considered, including the built-in tuners on many transceivers. The AT-100Pro uses latching relays and other power-saving techniques to consume very little power when not tuning, making it suitable for battery-powered operation. JUMPSTART, OR REAL HAMS DONT READ MANUALS! Ok, but at least read this one section before operating the AT-100Pro: 1. Connect the supplied 50-ohm coax jumper cable from the antenna jack on your transceiver to the TX jack on the back of the AT-100Pro. 2. Connect your antennas 50-ohm coax feedline to the ANT 1 jack on the rear of the AT-100Pro. 3. Connect the supplied DC coax cable to the jack marked 12 VDC. Connect this cable to a DC source between 11 and 16 volts DC, 500 mA. The jack center tip is positive. 4. Power up the transceiver, and select the desired operating frequency and mode. 5. Begin transmitting, any mode1. 6. When the tuning cycle completes, youre ready to operate!

1 In SSB mode, simply speak into the microphone while transmitting. Tuning may be performed at up to 125 watts of input power, provided that the transceiver employs a rollback circuit to protect it from high SWR. For transceivers without roll-back circuits, power should be limited to 25 watts when tuning, to avoid damage to the transmitter or tuner.

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SPECIFICATIONS 1.0 to 125 watt power range (SSB and CW), 100W on 6M. Latching relays for ultra low power operation. Over 4,000 memories for instantaneous band changing. Built-in 2-port antenna switch, with 2,000 memories each. Tuning time 0.2 to 2.5 seconds full tune, 0.2 seconds memory tune. 1.8 to 54.0 MHz coverage. Built-in frequency sensor. Tunes 6 to 1,000 ohm loads (16 to 150 on 6m), 6 to 4,000 ohms with optional 4:1 balun. LED bargraph displays power level, SWR, and status. User-selectable operating parameters: Auto/Semi, 125/12.5 watt scale, and more. Radio interfaces for ICOM and Yaesu radios included. Power requirements: 11 to 16 VDC @ 500mA max. 7mA when idle. Dimensions: 7.5 x 5.5 x 2.0. Weight 1.5 pounds. AN IMPORTANT WORD ABOUT POWER LEVELS The AT-100Pro is rated at 125 watts maximum power input at most. Many ham transmitters and transceivers, and virtually all amplifiers, output well over 125 watts. Power levels that significantly exceed specifications will definitely damage or destroy your AT-100Pro. If the tuner fails during overload, it could also damage your transmitter or transceiver. Be sure to observe the specified power limitations. IMPORTANT SAFETY WARNING Never install antennas or transmission lines over or near power lines. You can be seriously injured or killed if any part of the antenna, support, or transmission line touches a power line. Always follow this antenna safety rule: The distance to the nearest power line should be at least twice the length of the longest antenna, transmission line, or support dimension.

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GETTING TO KNOW YOUR AT-100PRO Your AT-100Pro is a quality, precision instrument that will give you many years of outstanding service; take a few minutes to get to know it. Front Panel: The front panel of the AT-100Pro features seven push buttons and two LED bargraph scales:

Func: Activates secondary function of other buttons. Ant: Selects the active antenna port (Ant1 or Ant2). C Up: Manually increase capacitance. C Dn: Manually decrease capacitance. L Up: Manually increase inductance. L Dn: Manually decrease inductance. Tune: Initiates memory or full tuning cycle. Momentary push places tuner in bypass. PWR Meter: Bargraph display indicates forward power in 0-12.5 and 0-125 watt ranges. SWR Meter: Bargraph display indicates SWR during tuning or transmission. Each of the pushbuttons has the primary function listed above when pushed. Additionally, pressing the FUNC button before pressing any other button will activate that buttons secondary function, labeled beneath each button. Peak: Selects peak or average for the wattmeter display. Scale: Selects 125 or 12.5 watts full scale for the wattmeter display. Hi/LoZ: Manually selects Hi or Lo Z. Auto: Selects full Auto or Semi tuning mode. Thresh: Selects the SWR level that will start tuning when in Auto mode. Store: Stores the current tuner setting into memory for that frequency. PAGE 5

There is no power button on the AT-100Pro. When the tuner is idle, it enters a low-power sleep mode, drawing very little current. When the tuner detects a button press or an RF transmission, it wakes up, ready to act.

Back Panel: The rear panel of the AT-100Pro has six jacks.

Ant 1: Connect a 50 ohm antenna coax feedline to this SO-239 connector. Ant 2: Connect a second 50 ohm antenna coax feedline to this SO-239 connector. Gnd (wing nut): Connect to the antenna system ground. Tx: Connect a 50 ohm jumper coax from this jack to the ANT jack on the rear of the transceiver. Radio: (optional) Connect the supplied radio interface cable to a supported ICOM or Yaesu radio. Power: Connect the supplied DC coaxial power cable to this connector, and connect to a source of 1116 VDC @ 500 mA. Center pin is positive.

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INSTALLATION The AT-100Pro is intended for indoor use only; it is not water-resistant. If you use it outdoors, (Club picnic outdoor barbecue, for example) you must protect it from rain. The AT-100Pro is designed for use with coax-fed antennas. If use with longwires or ladder-line-fed antennas is desired, an external balun is required. The LDG RBA-4:1 or RBA-1:1 is ideal, depending on the antenna and transmission line used. Place the AT-100Pro in a convenient location near the transceiver. Always turn your radio off before plugging or unplugging anything. The radio may be damaged if cables are connected or disconnected while the power is on. Connect the HF antenna jack on the transceiver to the TX jack on the back of the AT-100Plus, using the supplied coax jumper cable, or a similar 50 ohm coax cable rated 125 watts or higher. Connect a 50-ohm antenna feedline coax to the ANT 1 jack on the back of the AT-100Plus, and optionally connect a second antenna feedline to the ANT 2 jack. The AT-100Pro is designed to interface directly with many popular ICOM and Yaesu transceivers, enabling one button tuning. In the case of ICOM radios, the supplied interface cable also powers the tuner. For ICOM radios supporting the AH-3 or AH-4 external tuner, connect the 4-pin Molex connector of the supplied ICOM interface cable to the radios Tuner port. Then connect the 1/8 stereo plug on the other end of the ICOM interface cable to the jack marked Radio on the rear of the AT-100Pro. Connect the coaxial DC power plug of the ICOM interface cable to the 12 VDC Power jack. For Yaesu FT-857 and FT-897, use the included Y-ACC cable and plug the red end marked Radio into the transceivers ACC port. Plug the black end of the Y-ACC cable into the jack marked Radio on the rear of the AT-100Pro. Unless the AT-100Pro is being powered by the ICOM radio interface cable as above, youll also need to plug in the supplied DC coaxial power cable. This cable has a 2.5x5.5mm coaxial plug on the end. Plug the coaxial plug into the 12 VDC Power jack on the rear of the AT-100Pro, and connect the other end to a DC power source between 11 and 16 volts DC, capable of supplying up to 500 mA. Grounding the AT-100Pro tuner will enhance its performance and safety. LDG recommends that you connect your tuner to a suitable ground. A common ground rod connected to buried radials is ideal, but a single ground rod, a cold water pipe, or the screw that holds the cover on an AC outlet can provide a serviceable ground. LDG strongly recommends the use of a properly installed, high quality lightning arrestor on all antenna cables.

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BASIC OPERATION Using the Front Panel Buttons All operations of the AT-100Pro are controlled via the front panel buttons. Although there are a total of seven buttons on the front panel, there are more than seven functions that can be carried out on the AT100Pro. In order to accommodate the many functions of the AT-100Pro, the operation performed by pressing a particular button is determined by the manner in which the button is pressed, and no operation begins until the button is actually released. The various types of button presses are described here: Momentary or short press: The button is pressed and released immediately. Medium Press: The button is held for one-half to 2.5 seconds, and then released. Long Press: The button is held for more than 2.5 seconds, and then is released. FUNC -> Button: The FUNC button is pressed first, then the desired secondary button is pressed momentarily and released. e.g.: FUNC -> Ant (HiLoZ) means Press the Func button and release, then press the Ant (HiLoZ) button and release. ButtonA + ButtonB + ButtonC: The three buttons are held simultaneously. Startup Options The AT-100Pro has three commands that can only be issued when first applying DC power. That is, to issue these commands, first unplug the DC coax power cable, then hold down the appropriate button combination while plugging the DC coax power cable back in. Version Display: Press and hold FUNC while powering up. The firmware version number is displayed on the LED bargraph meters. The major revision number is displayed on the upper bargraph, and the minor revision number on the lower. The digits read from right to left, so the following example shows a version number of 1.3. Your version number may be different.

Memory Erase: Press and hold FUNC+ANT+TUNE while applying DC power to the AT-100Pro. This will restore the unit to factory default settings and erase all tuning memories. LEDs On/Off: When operating from battery power, it may be desired to disable the LED bargraph display to conserve power. To toggle this feature on and off, hold ANT (HiLoZ) while applying DC power.

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User Configuration Options The AT-100Pro offers several user-settable options that allow the behavior of the tuner to adapt to many different operating circumstances. Most of these options are accessed by placing the tuner in Function mode, which is done by pressing and releasing the Func button, and then pressing the desired button to activate the particular configuration option while in function mode. To confirm entry into Function mode, the AT-100Pro will flash an up arrow on the LED display after the Func button is pressed.

Function mode times-out after a few seconds if no other button is pushed. Alternately, function mode can be cancelled by pressing the Func button again. In either case, when Function mode is exited, a down arrow is displayed on the LED display:

Peak Mode On/Off: The Power display on the LED bargraph can display either average power or peak forward power, in watts. Average mode is suitable for 100% duty cycle modes such as FM, RTTY, or PSK. Peak mode is more useful on modes with varying duty cycle such as SSB or AM. The factory default is average mode.

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To toggle between power display modes, press Func -> C Up (Peak) (Press and release Func, then press and release C Up (Peak)). Peak mode is indicated by a falling meter display, with the highest power shown as a steady LED while the remaining LEDs fall back to zero. Average mode shows the same display, but without the steady LED showing. Press Func -> C Up (Peak) repeatedly to toggle between Peak and Average modes. Wattmeter Scale: The Power LED bargraph displays either 0 to 12.5 watts or 0 to 125 watts full scale. To toggle between these two scales, press Func -> L Up (Scale). The LED marked 10 or 100 will light momentarily to indicate the newly selected scale. The factory default is 125 watt full scale.

Automatic Tuning Mode: The AT-100Pro may be set for either semi-automatic tuning or fully automatic tuning. In semi-automatic tuning mode, a tuning cycle will not begin unless specifically requested by pressing the Tune button. In fully automatic tuning mode, a tuning cycle will begin any time there is RF present and the SWR exceeds a pre-set level. The default setting is fully automatic tuning mode. To toggle between semi- and fully automatic modes, press Func -> C Dn (Auto). The LED display will show one of the two patterns to indicate which mode has been selected:

Automatic Tune SWR Threshold: When the AT-100Pro is in fully automatic tuning mode, an automatic tuning cycle will begin any time RF is present and the SWR has exceeded a set threshold. This threshold is user-programmable to any value between 1.1:1 and 3.5:1. To set the automatic tune SWR threshold, press Func -> L Dn (Thresh) repeatedly (press Func, then L Dn (Thresh); Func, then L Dn (Thresh), and so on...) to cycle through all the options. The SWR threshold will be displayed on the SWR scale momentarily.

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The default value of SWR threshold is 2.0:1. The following example shows setting the SWR threshold to 1.7:1.

Antenna Selection: Press the Ant button momentarily to toggle which antenna port is currently active. The LED display points toward the active antenna port to indicate the selected antenna. The previous tuning settings for that antenna are also recalled when the antenna is selected.

Transmitting and Receiving During receive operation, no LEDs are normally lit on the AT-100Pro. During transmit, the forward RF power level is displayed on the PWR bargraph, and the SWR is displayed on the SWR bargraph. If the LED On/Off toggle is set to off, however, then no LEDs light up on transmit, to save battery power. When reading the SWR bargraph, an illuminated LED on the graph means The SWR is at least this much. In other words, if the 1.3 LED is lit, it means that the SWR is between 1.3 and 1.5:1. No LEDs lit means the SWR is less than 1.1:1.

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TUNING Basic Tuning Operation A tuning cycle on the AT-100Pro is initiated from either the Tune button on the front of the AT100Pro, an over-SWR condition when in fully automatic tuning mode, or from pressing the TUNER/CALL button on the front of an ICOM radio connected using the ICOM interface cable. Two types of tuning cycles are available. A memory tuning cycle attempts to tune quickly, based on having previously tuned on the present frequency selection. If the tuner previously was successful in tuning on the currently selected frequency, the settings from that match will be loaded into the tuner relays, and checked to see if an acceptable SWR level is found using these memorized settings. Memory frequency step sizes vary with the selected band. Steps are very close together on the lower bands, to accommodate the typically higher-Q antennas for those bands, while step size is somewhat larger on the higher (17 meters and up) bands, where antenna Q is typically lower. A full tuning cycle starts from scratch, and begins a fixed tuning sequence, where the AT-100Pro rapidly tries varying combinations of inductance and capacitance values, and then zeroes-in on the best match possible. When the tuning cycle is complete, if an acceptable match was found, the inductance and capacitance settings are saved in a memory associated with the selected frequency, so that they may be recalled quickly in the future via a memory tuning cycle. In this manner, the AT-100Pro learns; the longer you use it, the more closely it adapts itself to the bands and frequencies you use. Most users will probably use memory tuning most of the time; it takes advantage of any saved tuning settings, but automatically defaults to a full tuning cycle if no stored data is available. Manual Memory Tune To initiate a memory tuning cycle at any time, press and hold the Tune button for 0.5 to 2.5 seconds (medium button press) and release. The LED bargraph display will show the following pattern to indicate a memory tune cycle is selected:

If you are using the ICOM or Yaesu interface cable, your radio will automatically reduce power, switch to CW mode, and transmit for as long as is needed to complete the tuning cycle, and then will return to the previous operating mode and power level when done.

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If you are not using the ICOM or Yaesu radio interface cable, you will need to key the radio manually. In SSB or AM modes, begin talking into the microphone. Hold down the code key on CW. Note that if your radio does not incorporate an SWR rollback circuit2, you will first need to reduce power to 25 watts or less. In no case should you transmit more than 125 watts. If the memory tune is not successful, the AT-100Pro falls through to full tuning cycle. At the end of a tuning cycle, the LEDs cycle inwards to indicate a successful tune. If using the AT-100Pro with an ICOM transceiver connected with the ICOM interface cable, pressing the TUNER/CALL button on the transceiver initiates a memory tuning cycle3. Manual Full Tune As with the memory tuning cycle, if your radio is not equipped with a rollback circuit, reduce power to 25 watts or less before tuning. To explicitly initiate a full tuning cycle, press and hold the Tune button on the AT-100Pro front panel for more than 2.5 seconds. The LEDs will display the following pattern to confirm a full tuning cycle is requested:

If you are using one of the supplied radio interface cables, the radio will automatically reduce power, switch to CW mode, and begin transmitting while the full tuning cycle is in progress. If not, key the radio (Talk into the mic on SSB or AM, close the key on CW) until the tuning cycle is complete. As with the memory tuning cycle, when the tuning cycle is complete, the LEDs will scan inward to indicate a successful tune. Bypass Mode The AT-100Pro may be placed in bypass mode by pressing the Tune button momentarily (less than 0.5 second). Bypass mode places the tuner in a pass-thru configuration, where the tuner behaves like a coax jumper, not affecting the antenna match. Bypass mode may be useful for comparing the effect of the AT-100Pros tuning versus the unmatched antenna system. Pressing Tune momentarily again will return the tuner to active mode, and the relay settings of the previous match will be restored. If an ICOM radio and interface cable is used, the AT-100Pro may also be bypassed by pressing the TUNER/CALL button momentarily. On some models of ICOM radios, changing bands will also automatically bypass the tuner.

2 An SWR rollback circuit automatically reduces the output power level when high SWR is present. Check your radios manual to see if your radio uses a rollback circuit. 3 The IC-756 Pro is an exception. If using the AT-100Pro with the IC-756 Pro, press the TUNE button on the AT-100Pro.

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Error Indication When performing a tuning cycle, there are several conditions that may occur that cause the tune to fail. All are reported as an error, which is indicated by the entire row of PWR LEDs flashing briefly. No RF power was present at the beginning of a tuning cycle. In other words, the Tune button was pressed to request a tune cycle, but the transmitter was not keyed up. RF power disappeared before the tuning cycle completed. You must continue to key the radio until the tuning cycle completes. Meter over-range. The input power was over the currently selected meter range, or the SWR exceeded 3.5:1

ADVANCED OPERATION Manual Inductor/Capacitor Adjustments In some rare cases, after tuning, it may be desirable to adjust the the inductance and capacitance settings that the AT-100Pro came up with during the tuning process. This is more likely to occur when attempting to tune an antenna far from its resonant frequency. The C Up, C Dn, L Up, and L Dn buttons may be used to increment or decrement the amount of capacitance or inductance, respectively. A momentary press of any of these buttons increments or decrements the value by one unit, and displays the resulting value on the bargraph meter. Capacitance value is displayed on the PWR bargraph, and inductance on the SWR bargraph. These values are displayed in binary, left justified. The lowest-order relay is displayed on the leftmost LED. The rightmost LED on the PWR bargraph displays the state of the High/Low Impedance relay. Repeatedly press one of these buttons to increment or decrement multiple times, or simply hold the button and the button will auto-repeat. You may also transmit while incrementing or decrementing, so that the SWR value is displayed, but the capacitor and inductor values will not be displayed during transmit; instead, the power and SWR levels are displayed.

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High/Low Relay Adjustment In addition to being able to manually control the inductor and capacitor value of the AT-100Pro, it is also possible to manually set the high/low impedance relay, which determines whether the tuner is an L-C configuration or a C-L configuration. To toggle the state of the high/low impedance relay, press Func -> Ant. The LED will display one of two patterns to confirm the setting.

Manual Memory Store Once manual adjustments are complete, press Func -> Tune (Store) (that is, press Func momentarily, then Tune (Store) momentarily) to store the current relay settings in the memory associated with the frequency last transmitted upon. Status Check The status of most user settings can be checked by pushing and holding the Func button while pressing the relevant button for that setting. For example, to check to see what the current SWR threshold value is, without changing the value, press and hold the Func button, and while still holding the Func button, press the L Dn (Thresh) button. The display will show the currently selected SWR threshold value. While holding the Func button, the bargraph display will show the following pattern, to indicate that the AT-100Pro is waiting for you to push a button to check its status:

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The following status items can be checked: Func Hold + This button Ant (HiLoZ) C Up (Peak) C Dn (Auto) L Up (Scale) L Dn (Thresh) Status check Display selected antenna Display Peak/Avg setting Display Auto/Semi setting Display Power meter scale Display SWR tuning threshold

APPLICATION NOTES Mobile Operation The AT-100Pro is perfectly suited to mobile operation. It can be installed under the dashboard along with the transceiver, or mounted remotely. The only requirements are that the tuner remain dry, and that the power source is fused appropriately. A 2 amp fast blow fuse is recommended. If the ICOM or Yaesu radio interface cable is needed for a remote installation, the supplied cables can be extended in two ways. The original cable can be cut, and jumper wires soldered between all the connections, or new connectors can be purchased and a pair of homebrew extender cables made with the new connectors. With the AT-100Pro mounted, for example, in the trunk, simply set the AT-100Pro for fully automatic mode. It will automatically tune any time the SWR exceeds the preprogrammed threshold. Although the

LED display will not be visible in the trunk of the car, your transceivers built-in SWR meter will show the tuners progress. Remember to keep your eyes on the road, however! In most cases, a match will be recalled from memory, so the SWR will snap to a low value as soon as you begin to transmit. Conserving Power When Operating on Batteries The AT-100Pro is designed with portable operation in mind. The internal relays are latching-type PAGE 17

relays, which means they only consume power when switching. When the AT-100Pro is idle, very little current is drawn. One of the biggest consumers of power in the AT-100Pro is the LED display. When operating portable, you may choose to disable the LED display, as described in the section on Startup Options. For the absolute highest level of power savings, you can even remove the DC power plug from the AT-100Pro after it has found a tuning match, because the latching relays will maintain the tune setting even with no power applied. Just remember to plug the AT-100Pro back in when its time to re-tune. Internally Generated RF Noise The AT-100Pro is microprocessor controlled, and as such, generates a small amount of RF noise when the processor is active. Normally, the processor is only active during transmit operation, so the noise is not normally heard; however, if Peak mode is selected, the processor remains active for a moment after key-up, to allow the LEDs to settle back down to zero. You may briefly hear some noise in your receiver during this time. This is normal, and is noticeable the most when using CW in full break-in, with Peak mode selected. In practice, this should not be much of a problem, as Peak mode is not very useful when using CW. MARS/CAP Coverage The AT-100Pro provides continuous tuning coverage from 1.8 MHz to 54.0 Mhz, not just inside the ham bands. This makes it useful for MARS or CAP operation, or any other legal HF operation. THEORY OF OPERATION Some basic ideas about impedance The theory underlying antennas and transmission lines is fairly complex, and in fact employs a mathematical notation called complex numbers that have real and imaginary parts. It is beyond the scope of this manual to present a tutorial on this subject4, but a little background will help in understanding what the AT-100Pro is doing, and how it does it. In simple DC circuits, the wire resists current flow, converting some of it into heat. The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is described by the elegant and well-known Ohms Law, named for Georg Simon Ohm of Germany, who first discovered the principle in 1826. In RF circuits, an analogous but more complicated relationship exists. RF circuits also resist the flow of electricity. However, the presence of capacitive and inductive elements causes the voltage to lead or lag the current, respectively. In RF circuits, this resistance to the flow of electricity is called impedance, and can include all three elements: resistive, capacitive, and inductive. The output circuit of a transmitter consists of inductors and capacitors, usually in a series/parallel configuration called a pi network. The transmission line can be thought of as a long string of capacitors and inductors in series/parallel, and the antenna is a kind of resonant circuit. At any given RF frequency, each of these can exhibit resistance, and impedance in the form of capacitive or inductive reactance.

Transmitters, transmission lines, antennas, and impedance

4 For a very complete treatment of this subject, see any edition of the ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications (previously the Handbook For Radio Amateurs).

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The output circuit of a transmitter, the transmission line, and the antenna, all have a characteristic impedance. For reasons beyond the scope of this document, the standard impedance is nominally 50 ohms resistive, with zero capacitive and zero inductive components. When all three parts of the system have the same impedance, the system is said to be matched, and maximum transfer of power from the transmitter to the antenna occurs. While the transmitter output circuit and transmission line are of fixed, carefully

designed impedance, the antenna presents 50-ohm, non-reactive load only at its natural resonant frequencies. At other frequencies, it will exhibit capacitive or inductive reactance, causing it to have an impedance other than 50 ohms. When the impedance of the antenna is different from that of the transmitter and transmission line, a mismatch is said to exist. In this case, some of the RF energy from the transmitter is reflected from the antenna back down the transmission line and into the transmitter. If this reflected energy is strong enough, it can damage the transmitters output circuits. The ratio of transmitted to reflected energy is called the standing wave ratio, or SWR. An SWR of 1 (sometimes written 1:1) indicates a perfect match. As more energy is reflected, the SWR increases to 2, 3, or higher. As a general rule, modern solid state transmitters must operate with an SWR of 2 or less. Tube exciters are somewhat more tolerant of high SWR. If a 50 ohm antenna is resonant at the operating frequency, it will show an SWR close to 1. However, this is usually not the case; operators often need to transmit at frequencies other than resonance, resulting in a reactive antenna and a higher SWR.

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where F = Forward power (watts), R = Reflected power (watts)

SWR is measured using a device called an SWR bridge, inserted in the transmission line between the transmitter and the antenna. This circuit measures forward and reflected power from which SWR may be calculated (some meters calculate SWR for you). More advanced units can measure forward and reflected power simultaneously, and show these values and SWR at the same time. An antenna tuner is a device used to cancel out the effects of antenna reactance. Tuners add capacitance to cancel out inductive reactance in the antenna, and vice versa. Simple tuners use variable capacitors and inductors; the operator adjusts them by hand while observing reflected power on the SWR meter until a minimum SWR is reached. The LDG Electronics AT-100Pro automates this process. No tuner will fix a bad antenna. If the antenna is far from resonance, the inefficiencies inherent in such operation are inescapable; its simple physics. Much of the transmitted power may be dissipated in the tuner as heat, never reaching the antenna at all. A tuner simply fools the transmitter into behaving as though the antenna were resonant, avoiding any damage that might otherwise be caused by high reflected power. For best performance, the antenna used should always be as close to resonance as is practical. THE LDG AT-100PRO In 1995, LDG Electronics pioneered a new type of automatic antenna tuner. The LDG design uses banks of fixed capacitors and inductors, switched in and out of the circuit by relays under microprocessor control. An additional relay switches between high and low impedance ranges. A built-in SWR sensor provides feedback; the microprocessor searches the capacitor and inductor banks, seeking the lowest possible SWR. The tuner is a Switched L network, consisting of series inductors and parallel capacitors. LDG chose the L network for its minimum number of parts and its ability to tune unbalanced loads, such as coax-fed dipoles, verticals, Yagis, and, in fact, virtually any coax-fed antenna. The series inductors are switched in and out of the circuit, and the parallel capacitors are switched to ground under microprocessor control. The high/low impedance relay switches the capacitor bank either to the transmitter side of the inductor bank, or to the antenna side. This allows the AT-100Pro to handle loads that are either greater than or less than 50 ohms. All relays are sized to carry 125 watts continuously. The relays are a latching type, and so they consume no current when not actively switching The SWR sensor is a variation of the Bruene circuit. This SWR measuring technique is used in most dual-meter and direct-reading SWR meters. Slight modifications were made to the circuit to provide voltages instead of currents for the analog-to-digital converters that provide signals proportional to the forward and reflected power levels. The single-lead primary through the center of the sensor transformer provides RF current sampling. Diodes rectify the sample and provide a DC voltage proportional to RF power. These two voltages are read by the ADCs in the microprocessor, and are used to compute SWR in real time. Although the microprocessors oscillator runs at 20 MHz, which allows the main tuning routine to execute in only a few milliseconds, the relays require several milliseconds of settling time for every combination of inductors and capacitors. Thus, it may take several seconds before all relay combinations are exhausted, in the case of a difficult tune. PAGE 20

The tuning routine uses an algorithm to minimize the number of tuner adjustments. The routine first de-energizes the high/low impedance relay if necessary, then individually steps through the inductors to find a coarse match. With the best inductor selected, the tuner then steps through the individual capacitors to find the best coarse match. If no match is found, the routine repeats the coarse tuning with the high/low impedance relay energized. The routine then fine tunes the inductors and capacitors. The program checks LC combinations to see if a 1.5:1 or lower SWR can be obtained, and stops when it finds a good match. The microprocessor runs a fine tune routine just after the tuner finds a match of 1.5:1 or less. This fine tune routine now tries to the SWR as low as possible (not just to 1.5); it takes about half a second to run.

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QUICK REFERENCE Button Primary Function Full Tune (Long Press) Memory Tune (Medium Press) Bypass (Short Press) Toggle Antenna Selection Increase Capacitance Decrease Capacitance Increase Inductance Decrease Inductance Select Secondary Button Functions Func -> Button Status Check (Func Hold + Button) Power-Up function

Tune (Store)

Manually Store Tuning Parameters

Display Relay Settings

Ant (HiLoZ)

Toggle High/Low Impedance Toggle Peak / Average Power Toggle Auto / Semi Mode Set PWR Meter Scale Set Auto Tuning SWR Threshold

Display Selected Antenna Display PWR Meter Mode Display Auto / Semi Selection Display PWR Meter Scale Display Auto Tuning SWR Threshold

LEDs On/Off

C Up (Peak)

C Dn (Auto) L Up (Scale)

L Dn (Thresh)

Func

Display Version Number

Func + Ant + Tune

Reset / Memory Erase

A WORD ABOUT TUNING ETIQUETTE Be sure to use a vacant frequency when tuning. With todays crowded ham bands, this is often difficult. However, causing interference to other hams should be avoided as much as possible. The AT100Pros very short tuning cycle, as little as a fraction of a second, minimizes the impact of tuning transmissions. PAGE 22

CARE AND MAINTENANCE The AT-100Pro tuner is essentially maintenance-free. Power limits in this manual should be strictly adhered to. The outer case may be cleaned as needed with a soft cloth slightly dampened with household cleaning solution. As with any modern electronic device, the AT-100Pro can be damaged by temperature extremes, water, impact, or static discharge. LDG strongly recommends the use of a good quality, properly installed lightning arrestor in the antenna lead. TECHNICAL SUPPORT The LDG Customer Support Center staff is ready to answer your product question by telephone and over the Internet. We know that you will enjoy your product even more knowing LDG is ready to answer your questions as the need arises. Our website links you to the on-line Customer Support Center where you can send us a question, do your own research in the LDG Product Knowledge Books, and read through lists of frequently asked product questions. LDG regularly updates on-line information so the best on-line support information is available all day and every day. The LDG website provides links to product manuals, just in case you lose this one! When you are thinking about the purchase of other LDG products our website also has complete product specifications and photographs you can use to help make your purchase decision. Dont forget the links to all of the quality LDG Dealers also ready to help you make that purchase decision. TWO-YEAR TRANSFERRABLE WARRANTY Your product is warranted against manufacturer defects in parts and labor for two full years from the date of purchase. This two-year warranty is also transferable. When you sell or give away your LDG product, give the new owner a copy of the original sales receipt and the two-year warranty goes with the new owner. There is no need to complete a warranty card or to register an LDG product. Your product receipt establishes eligibility for warranty service, so save that receipt. Send your receipt with the product whenever you send your product to LDG for repair. Products sent to LDG without a receipt are considered requests for out-of-warranty repair. LDG does not warranty against product damage or abuse. This means that a product failure, as determined by LDG, to be caused by the customer or by other natural calamity (e.g. lightning) is not covered under the two-year warranty. Damage can be caused by failure to heed the products published limitations and specifications or by not following good Amateur practice. OUT OF WARRANTY SERVICE Any time a product fails after the warranty, LDG wants to help you get it fixed. Send the product to us for repair. We will determine what needs to be done, and, based on your prior instruction, either contact you with an estimate or fix it and contact you with a request to pay any repair charges. Please contact LDG if you have any questions before you send us an out-of-warranty product for repair.

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RETURNING YOUR PRODUCT FOR SERVICE Returning a product to LDG is easy. We do not require a return merchandise authorization, and there is no need to contact LDG to return your product. Visit the Customer Support Center and download the LDG Product Repair Form. On the Repair Form tell the LDG technicians exactly what happened or didnt happen and why you believe the product needs servicing. The technician attempts to duplicate the problem(s) you had based on how well you describe it so take the time to be accurate and complete. Ask your shipper for a tracking number or a delivery verification receipt. This way you know the product arrived safely at LDG. Be sure to give us your email address so our shipper can alert you online when your product is en-route back to you. Please be assured that our staff makes every effort to complete repairs ahead of our published wait time. Your patience is appreciated. Repairs can take six to eight weeks, but are usually faster. The most recent information on returning products for service is found at the LDG Customer Support Center. Send your carefully packaged unit with the Repair Form to:

LDG Electronics, Inc. Attn: Repair Department 1445 Parran Rd St. Leonard, MD 20685

PRODUCT FEEDBACK We encourage product feedback! Tell us what you really think of your LDG product. In a card, letter, or email (preferred) tell us how you used the product and how well it worked in your application. Send along a photo or even a schematic or drawing to illustrate your narrative. We like to share your comments with our staff, our dealers, and even other customers at the LDG website.

http://www.ldgelectronics.com/

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