CHAPTER 1 POLITCS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Aristotle is the founder of the discipline; he called politics the master science.

He meant almost everything happen in a political context. Politics is the way people make collective decisions; the process that people bargain to make what they want happens. Political science is the study of political system and political behavior. Political systems include legal system, economic system, cultural system, and social systems. Political behaviors have political views, ideology and levels of political participation. In short, the study includes the states, governments and politics. Political science relates to other social sciences like history, human geography, economic, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Historians look at a single event or a few events and are focused on what happened. Political scientists look at what happened, why, what caused it, and take something from it in order to generalize it (example: what causes war, what causes war to end, etc.) Geography equal different geography means a different political issue. Economics is the affects political science all the time. Sociology is the different groups and societies are going to have various views on things such as education, socioeconomic structure, etc. Anthropology is the study of culture, arguments that culture has deep political roots. Psychology is the way people think, how do you become a republican, how do you become a democrat, who runs for office, what is their motivation to become who they are politically. Political science is the study of how people come to make collective decisions generally; political scientists explain what they see in the world. Political science can be both qualitative and quantitative. To be scientific, political science must be reasoned, balanced, supported with evidence and theoretical. Political scientist is trained to be an objective and a complex analyst. Studying political science mean studying power. Power means to get another person what you want. In addition, power come from many reasons such as biological, psychological, cultural, rational, and irrational explanations. CHAPTER 2 THEORIES Theory is a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the to be explained. There are two theories: classic theories and contemporary theories. Aristotle is 1st empirical political scientist while Niccolo Machiacelli is the 2nd father of political science. Aristotle searches for the sources of the good and stable political system and focuses on people and rationality. The size of the middle class has a lot to do with democracy succeeding or failing. Aristotle was both descriptive (explaining what is) and normative (explaining what ought to be). Niccolo Machiavelli is the crux of modern political science was the focus on power, Machiavellianism (Politics is immoral so manipulation and deceit must be used) hes realistic about politics because he worked with the world as it is

and not as we wish it to be. It usually focused on power. Behaviorisms are the empirical study of actual human behavior (like elections, public opinion surveys) rather than abstract or speculative theories. It derives from positivism, which argues that a society can be studied scientifically and incrementally improved with the knowledge gained. CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES The ideologies is the belief system that society can be improved by following certain doctrines or theories, usually ends in ism. Its commitments to change political systems. Ideologies are often based on theories/doctrines but theyre more simplified and popularized to gain support from the public. Ideology cements together movements, parties, and revolutionary groups. The major ideologies has classic liberalism, classic conservatism, modern liberalism, modern conservatism, Marxist Socialism, Social Democracy, Communism, Maoism, Titoism, Nationalism, Fascism CHAPTER 4 STATE State is governmental structure, usually sovereign and powerful to enforce its rule over a specific territory. States typically create nations, not other way around. State recognition is a complex matter in international law as its involves political and legal issues. There are three types of states: effective states, weak states, and failed states. Effective states control and tax entire territory, ensure laws are obeyed, corruption is minor, tend to be better off. Weak states crime penetrates politics, government unable to fight lawlessness, corruption, breakaway movements, justice is bought, elections often rigged, most revenue disappears into private pockets. Failed states no real national government with little if any control of territory, warlords and criminal cartels free to do what they want, threatened with territorial breakup. Example: Afghanistan, Somalia. Between states and the economy in Laissez-faire, government owns little industry and redistributes little as welfares. Welfare state government owns little industry but redistributes wealth to less well off. CHAPTER 6 REGIMES Democracy is the political system of mass participation, competitive elections, and human and civil rights. There are two types of democracy: Representative democracy and illiberal democracies. Regimes that are elected but lack democratic qualities such as civil rights and limits on government called illiberal democracy; the Islamic republic of Iran is an example. Representative democracy is where people elect representatives to make laws and government. Democracy a term variously used, dictatorships pretend to be democratic, such as Communist Peoples Democracies. About democracy in practice elite theory argues that a tiny minority makes the key policy decisions. Elite theorists feel elite rule unfair, undemocratic, that decisions 2

benefit the powerful and wealthy. Pluralism argues that interest groups largely drive political decisions. Both elitism and pluralism may be too simple. Oligarchy is the synthesis that interest group complete but each group run by elite. CHAPTER 10 INTEREST GROUPS Interest group is the collection of individuals who share common beliefs, attitudes, values, and concerns. Pressure Groups is subset of interest groups. There are 2 types of interest group Protective group and Promotional group. Protective groups are private, sectional or functional group. They represent a small segment in society. Promotional groups are public, attitude, cause or campaign groups. They represent ideas, identities, policies, and promote the cause that will benefit whole society. Interest groups are a bit like political parties. Both try to influence public policy, but interest groups do it outside the electoral process and are not responsible to the public, they usually focus on specific programs and issues and are rarely represented in the formal structure of government instead. Money is the most important to be effective. Candidates will listen to people with money. Influence of interest groups are how passionate they are, Size of membership>AARP, Socioeconomic status, Relationships with Congressmen. Strategies of interest groups are Lobbying, Approach administration, Approach judiciary, Appeal to the public, violent protest. CHAPTER 11 PARTIES Party is a group with a label whose goal is winning elections. Functions of Parties are allow citizens to get their needs and wishes heard by government, help tame and calm interest groups by interest aggregation, pull groups that had been left out into the political system, teach members how to play the political game, mobilize voters. Without party advertising people would ignore elections. 3 points of party organization are important: degree of centralization: degree of control exercised by national headquarters, extent to which a party participates in policy, how parties finance themselves. Classifying Political Parties are Left-to-right spectrum, Left wing parties (communism): Leveling of class differences by nationalizing major industries, Center left parties (socialist parties of western Europe): Welfare states but not nationalized industries, Centrist Parties (German and Italian liberals): Liberal on social questions but conservative on economic issues, Center-right parties (German Christian democrats): Rein in welfare states in favor of free enterprise, Right-wing states (British conservatives): Dismantle welfare states, break power of unions, promote vigorous capitalist growth. In most democracies party membership is down, Voters are less loyal and most major parties are centrist and similar. CHAPTER 13 LEGISLATURES Feudalism is the system of political power dispersed among layers. The presidential

systems are those with separate election of executive president. Presidential systems show the separation of power between the executive and legislative branches. Parliamentary systems are those with election of parliament only, which in turn elects the prime minister. In this system, primes minister is the most important figure. Voters elect only a legislature; they cannot split their tickets between the legislature and executive. The legislature elects an executive from its own ranks. Separation of power is legislative and executive branch checking and balancing each other. Legislatures usually cover small matters, such as getting a tax break for a constituent. Most important bills originate in the government or administration. Typically, an executive agency develops an idea, the cabinet drafts a proposal, and the largest party introduces it to the legislature, which debates and modifies it. CHAPTER 14 EXECUTIVES AND BUREAUCRACIES Presidents are jealous of prime ministers because prime ministers have a majority and easier to pass legislature. Head of State is ceremonial role where the individual represents the government. Head of State by hereditary position, Selection by legislative body, Self-Selection. Chief Executive is day-to-day operations of government. In Britain it is the prime minister. In US President serves both roles. 10 Roles of the US President are Head of State, Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief of Party, Voice of the People, and Protector of the Peace, Manager of Prosperity, World Leader, James David Barber. Active Positive. Active Negative is just wanted to gain power. Didnt really enjoy the job. Woodrow Wilson, Abraham Lincoln. Passive Positive is compliant, agreeable, easily offended. Ronald Regan, Bill Clinton. Passive Negative is withdrawn. Hesitant to be involved in political fights. Not enthused about the jobs. George Washington, Eisenhower, George W Bush Senior. President Obama is active positive. Britain: Monarch, Elections, People vote for a party, party nominates person, queen ask person to form a government/cabinet, Ministers who oppose policy are asked to resign. Germany: Chancellor selected out of lower house, Much more difficult to replace a cabinet than an individual (Great deal of stability and Cabinets last for years). France: President and Prime Minister both have power, President have majority in parliament-nominates individual from party and things go well. Cohabitation is party represent a majority that is different than the president. Fixed Terms have 4 Presidents, 6 Senates, and 2 Houses of Rep, Range for 4-6, 2-term limit. President and parliament can be elected as many times as want as long as party has majority in legislature. CHAPTER 15 JUDICIARIES The judicial branch ensures equal justice under law. Positive law written down by the government, rather than natural law which known. Natural law come from nature and is universal. It uses reason to analyze human nature and deduce binding rule of moral behavior.in 4

some case, natural laws is used for legal claims and rights in some judicial decisions and legislative acts. There are 5 types of laws. They are Criminal law, civil law, constitutional law, administrative law and international law. The power of government is shared between the federal government and the state governments. Due to federalism, both the federal government and each of the state government have their own court systems (Feral court system and state court system). Most countries are common law or case law. Case law: based on formal written codes. Common law: based on precedents from former rulings from judges THE REFLECTION Topic: Political Violence Cambodia has been dominated by war for more than two decades, and its regimes have changed many times. This has resulted in an unstable social structure, economic slowdown and shortcomings in the field of education. As the Khmer Rouge experience, decades of war, persuasive violence, the availability of weapons and inadequate dispute resolution mechanisms appear to greatly increase the severity of the political violence. Political Violence is a common means used by people and governments around the world to achieve political goals. Many groups and individuals believe that their political systems will never respond to their political demands. As a result they believe that violence is not only justified but also necessary in order to achieve their political objectives. By the ways, many governments around the world believe they need to use violence in order to intimidate their populace into acquiescence. At other times, governments use force in order to defend their country from outside invasion or other threats of force. The Categorize About Political Violence means not all violence is the same. Violence has been categorized in several ways. One of the best is that of political scientist Fred R. Von der Mehden, who sees five general type of violence. Primordial Violence grows out of conflicts among the basic communities ethnic, national, or religious into which people are born. Separatist Violence is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. Separatist may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. Revolutionary violence is violence targeted at an oppressor (or a system that supports the oppressor) with the goals of liberating a group of people. Furthermore revolutionary violence is violence not sponsored, sanctioned or carried out by the state. Revolutionary violence is more often than not carried out by members of the civilian population often using methods of (but not limited to) guerrilla warfare. Revolutionary guerrilla warfare only targets the oppressor and never uses indiscreet, random violence against the general population (unlike the state). Revolutionary violence needs to be defended from many organizations and people such as the state, a dictator or an invading army. But for this particular case we will be defending it from

strict pacifist and close minded, so called progressives within the anti-capitalist and liberation movements who condemn acts of revolutionary violence on the grounds that it is morally wrong, inferior or counterproductive. Coups are usually aimed against revolution, corruption, and chaos. Coups are almost always military, although the military usually has connections with and support from key civilian groups. Those mean the violence and illegal seizure of power from a government. Some violence does not fit any of these categories. Violence oriented to particular issues is a catchall category and generally less deadly than the other kinds. There may be a fine line between issue-oriented violence and revolutionary violence, for if the issue is serious and the police repression brutal, protests over an issue can turn revolutionary. Khmer Rouge was the name king Norodom Sihanouk gave to his communist opponents in the 1960s. Their official name was the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), which took control of Cambodia on April 17, 1975. The CPK created the state of Democratic Kampuchea in 1976 and ruled the country until January 1979. The party existence was kept secret until 1977, and no one outside the CPK knew who its leader were (the leaders called themselves Angkar Padevat). A few days after they took power in 1975, the Khmer Rouge forced perhaps two million people in Phnom Penh and other cities into the countryside to undertake agriculture work. Thousands of people died during the evacuations. The Khmer Rouge also began to implement their radical Maoist and Marxist-Leninists transformation program at this time. They wanted to transform Cambodia into a rural Classless society in which there were no rich people, no poor people, and no exploitation. To accomplish this, they abolished money, free markets, normal schooling, private property, foreign clothing style, religious practices and traditional Khmer culture. Public school, pagoda, mosques, church, universities, shop and government buildings were shut or turned into prisons, stables, reeducation camps and granaries. There was no public or private transportation, no private property and no non-revolutionary entertainment. Leisure activities were severely restricted. People throughout the country, including the leaders of CPK, had to wear black costumes, which were their traditional revolutionary clothes. Under Democratic Kampuchea (DK), everyone was deprived of their basic rights. People were not allowed to go outside their cooperative. The regimes would not allowed anyone to gather and hold discussions. If three people gathered and talk, they could be accused of being enemies and arrested of executed. Family relationships were also heavily criticized. People were forbidden to show even the slightest affection, humor or pity. The Khmer Rouge asked all Cambodians to believe, obey and respect only Angkar Padevat, which was to be everyones mother and father.

Under the terms of the CPKs 1976 four-year plan, Cambodians were expected to produce three tons of rice per hectare throughout the country. This meant that people had to grow and harvest rice all twelve months of the year. In most regions, the Khmer Rouge forced people to work more than twelve hours a day without rest or adequate food. By the end in 1977, clashes broke out between Cambodia and Vietnam. Tens of thousands of people were sent to fight and thousands of them were killed. In December 1978, Vietnamese troops and forced of the United Front for the National Salvation of Kampuchea fought their way into Cambodia. They captured Phnom Penh on January 7, 1979. The Khmer Rouge leaders then fled to the west and reestablished their forces in Thai territory, aided by China and Thailand. The United Nations voted to give the resistance movement against communist, which included the Khmer Rouge, a seat in its General Assembly. From 1979 to 1990, it recognized DK as the only legitimate representative of Cambodia. In 1982, the Khmer Rouge formed a coalition with Prince Sihanouk and the non-communist leader Son Sann to create the trip arty Coalition Government. In Phnom Penh, on the other hand, Vietnam helped to create a new government-the Peoples Republic of Kampuchea (PRK)-led by Heng Samrin. The Khmer Rouge continued to exist until 1999 when all of its leaders had defected to The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC), been arrested, or had died. But their legacy remains. Under DK, nearly two million Cambodians died from diseases due to a lack of medicines and medical services, starvation, execution, or exhaustion from overwork. Those who lived through the regime were severely traumatized by their experiences Really that the preliminary results of the election announced by National Election Commission was fraudulently fixed against their vote, the Cambodian mass took to the street their protest for fairness. The demonstration grew from ten thousand to seventy thousand people by the third week. They cheered, chanted and enthusiastically called for a true democracy. This unprecedented phenomenon threatened Hun Sen.s regime. With his dictatorial behavior, Hun Sen. ordered his troops to crackdown the peaceful demonstrators and demolishes The Democracy Square. He trucked in thousands of the democratic demonstrators. With the support of Hun Sen.s police and military forces, this group waged violence against those peaceful demonstrators, causing countless deaths, injuries and disappearances. In conclusion, Democratic Kampuchea was one of the worst human tragedies of the 20th century. The regime claimed nearly two million lives and left tens of thousands of windows and orphans. Several hundred thousand Cambodians fled their country and became refugees. Millions of mines were laid by the Khmer Rouge and government forces, which have led to thousands of deaths and disabilities since the 1980s. A large proportion of the Cambodia people have mental problems because their family members were lost and their spirits damaged. Their

factors are one of the major causes of the poverty that plagues Cambodia today. The Khmer Rouge, whose leaders held extreme vies formed from the communist ideologies of China, the former Soviet Union and Vietnam, set up policies that disregarded human life and produced repression and massacres on a massive scale. CPK leaders thought their revolution was the only way to bring Cambodia to independence and equality. They claimed that their revolution did not adopt any outside ideology, even though they copied ideas from the Soviet Union and China such as the collectivization of people, the evacuation of cities, the four-year plan, and Super Great Leap Forward. References Political Science, MICHAEL G. ROSKIN, ROBERT L. CIRD (The Categorize About Political Violence) A History Of Democratic KAMPUCHEA (1975- 1979), KHAMBOLY DY (Why did Khmer Rouge make revolution in Cambodia? What happened after Khmer Rouges regime? ) Http://Khmernationalist.uni.cc or http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzBWG3Uj4JM (Case Studies: Political Rally in Cambodia In 1998)