C++ Language Part 2: Control Statement

Presenter:HaVietUyen Synh,Ph.D.

The result of the Assignment #1

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Overview

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Rules for forming structured programs

RulesforFormingStructuredPrograms Beginwiththe"simplestactivitydiagram. Anyactionstatecanbereplacedbytwoactionstatesinsequence_ Stackingrule . Anyactionstatecanbereplacedbyanycontrolstatement (sequence,if,if...else,switch,while,do...whileorfor)_Nestingrule. Rules2and3canbeappliedasoftenasyoulikeandinanyorder.

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Applying Stacking Rule

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Applying Nesting Rule

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if Selection Statement
The if selection statement allows us to state that an action (sequence of statements) should happen only when some condition is true:

if (condition)
action; The condition used in an if (and other control structures) is a Boolean value - either true or false. In C++: the value 0 is false anything else is true
if ( grade >= 60 ) cout << "Passed";

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if...else Double-Selection Statement

The if single-selection statement performs an indicated action only when the condition is TRUE; otherwise the action is skipped. The if...else double-selection statement allows the programmer to specify an action to perform when the condition is true and a different action to perform when the condition is false.

if ( condition ) action if true else action if false

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Example
Writeaprogramthatfindstherootofthelinearequationgivenbyax +bwherea,baretheargumentstotheprogram. Inthecase,a!=0 x=b/a Intheothercase,a==0 Ifb==0 xisundetermined Ifb!=0 xisnosolution.

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Nested if...else Statements

Nested if...else statements test for multiple cases by placing if...else selection statements inside other if...else selection statements.
if ( studentGrade >= 90 ) // 90 and above gets "A" cout << "A"; else if ( studentGrade >= 80 ) // 80-89 gets "B" cout << "B"; else if ( studentGrade >= 70 ) // 70-79 gets "C" cout << "C"; else if ( studentGrade >= 60 ) // 60-69 gets "D" cout << "D"; else // less than 60 gets "F" cout << "F";

if ( studentGrade >= 90 ) // 90 and above gets "A" cout << "A"; else if ( studentGrade >= 80 ) // 80-89 gets "B" cout << "B"; else if ( studentGrade >= 70 ) // 70-79 gets "C" cout << "C"; else if ( studentGrade >= 60 ) // 60-69 gets "D" cout << "D"; else // less than 60 gets "F" cout << "F";

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Example
Writeaprogramthatfindstherootsofthequadraticequationgiven bya*x^2+b*x+cwherea,bandcaretheargumentstothe program. Delta=b^2 4*a*c IfDelta>0, x1,2 =(b sqrt(Delta))/(2*a) IfDelta==0, x=b/(2*a) IfDelta!=0, xisnosolution

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while Repetition Statement

The while repetition statement supports repetition - the same statement (or compound statement) is repeated until the condition is false.

while (condition)
do something;

// Calculate 3n with 3n<=100 int product = 3; while ( product <= 100) product = 3 * product;

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Counter-controlled repetition
//Fig.5.1:fig05_01.cpp //Countercontrolledrepetition. #include<iostream> usingstd::cout; usingstd::endl; intmain() { intcounter=1;//declareandinitializecontrolvariable while(counter<=10)//loopcontinuationcondition { cout<<counter<<""; counter++;//incrementcontrolvariableby1 }//endwhile cout<<endl;//outputanewline return0;//successfultermination }//endmain 12345678910

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for Repetition Statement

The for repetition statement is often used for loops that involve counting. You can write any for loop as a while (and any while as a for).

for (initialization; condition; update) dosomething;

- initialization is a statement that is executed at the beginning of the loop (and never again). - the body of the loop is executed as long as the condition is true. - the update statement is executed each time the body of the loop has been executed (and before the condition is checked)

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Counter-controlled repetition with the for statement.

1//Fig.5.2:fig05_02.cpp 2//Countercontrolledrepetitionwiththeforstatement. 3#include <iostream> 4using std::cout; 5using std::endl; 6 7int main() 8{ 9//forstatementheaderincludesinitialization, 10//loopcontinuationconditionandincrement. 11for (int counter=1;counter<=10;counter++) 12cout <<counter<<""; 13 14cout <<endl;//outputanewline 15return 0;//indicatesuccessfultermination 16}//endmain

12345678910

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Example
Writeaprogramthatcalculatesfactorialofn(n!),wherenisthe argumenttotheprogram

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do...while Repetition Statement

The do...while repetition statement is similar to the while statement. In the while statement, the loop-continuation condition test occurs at the beginning of the loop before the body of the loop executes. The do...while statement tests the loop-continuation condition after the loop body executes; therefore, the loop body always executes at least once. When a do...while terminates, execution continues with the statement after the while clause. Note that it is not necessary to use braces in the do...while statement if there is only one statement in the body; however, most programmers include the braces to avoid confusion between the while and do...while statements

do
somestuff;

while ( condition );
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switch Multiple-Selection Statement

switch multiple-selection statement to perform many different actions based on the possible values of a variable or expression. Each action is associated with the value of a constant integral expression

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break Statement
The break statement, when executed in a while, for, do...while or switch statement, causes immediate exit from that statement. Program execution continues with the next statement. Common uses of the break statement are to escape early from a loop or to skip the remainder of a switch statement
1 // Fig. 5.13: fig05_13.cpp 2 // break statement exiting a for statement. 3 #include <iostream> 4 using std::cout; 5 using std::endl; 6 7 int main() 8{ 9 int count; // control variable also used after loop terminates 10 11 for ( count = 1; count <= 10; count++ ) // loop 10 times 12 { 13 if ( count == 5 ) 14 break; // break loop only if x is 5 15 16 cout << count << " "; 17 } // end for 18 19 cout << "\nBroke out of loop at count = " << count << endl; 20 return 0; // indicate successful termination 21 } // end main

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continue Statement
The continue statement, when executed in a while, for or do...while statement, skips the remaining statements in the body of that statement and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop. In while and do...while statements, the loopcontinuation test evaluates immediately after the continue statement executes. In the for statement, the increment expression executes, then the loopcontinuation test evaluates.
1 // Fig. 5.14: fig05_14.cpp 2 // continue statement terminating an iteration 3 #include <iostream> 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 cout << "\nUsed continue to skip printing 5 " << endl; 18 19 return 0; } // end main int main() { for ( int count = 1; count <= 10; count++ ) { if ( count == 5 ) // if count is 5, continue; // skip remaining code using std::cout; using std::endl;

cout << count << " "; } // end for

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Any Questions?

Contact
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Exercise 1
WriteC++statementstoaccomplisheachofthefollowingtasks. Declarevariablessumandxtobeoftypeint. Setvariablexto1. Setvariablesumto0. Addvariablextovariablesumandassigntheresulttovariablesum. Print"Thesumis:"followedbythevalueofvariablesum. Calculateandprintthesumoftheintegersfrom1to10.Usethe whilestatementtoloopthroughthecalculationandincrement statements.Theloopshouldterminatewhenthevalueofxbecomes 11.

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Exercise 2
WritesingleC++statementsthatdothefollowing: Inputintegervariablexwithcin and>>. Inputintegervariableywithcin and>>. Setintegervariablei to1. Setintegervariablepowerto1. Multiplyvariablepowerbyxandassigntheresulttopower. Determinewhetheri islessthanorequaltoy. Outputintegervariablepowerwithcout and<<. Calculatexraisedtothepowery.Theprogramshouldhaveawhile repetitionstatement.

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Exercise 3
WriteaC++statementorasetofC++statementstoaccomplisheach ofthefollowing: Sumtheoddintegersbetween1and99usingaforstatement. Assumetheintegervariablessumandcounthavebeendeclared. Calculatethevalueof2.5raisedtothepower3usingfunctionpow. Whatprints? Printtheintegersfrom1to20usingawhileloopandthecounter variablex.Assumethatthevariablexhasbeendeclared,butnot initialized.Printonly5integersperline.[Hint:Usethecalculationx %5.Whenthevalueofthisis0,printanewlinecharacter; otherwise,printatabcharacter.] Repeat(d)usingaforstatement.

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Exercise 4
Write single C++ statements that do the following: Input integer variable n with n>0. Calculate 2n Calculate n! Calculate

Calculate

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Exercise 5
Write a C++ program to accomplish the following: Input integer variable n with n>0. How many digits are there in the variable n? Calculate the sum of all digits which there are in variable n.

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Exercise 6
Write single C++ statements that do the following: Input integer variable n with n>0. Check whether n is a prime number. Calculate the first n prime numbers.

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