REPORT NO.

HE15O0-Lt5 0TECHNICAL REPORT

UNIVERSITY
C/)INSTITUTE OF EN BERKELE-

CALIFORNIA
ERING RESEARCH
LIFORNIA

HEAT TRANSFER TO A CYLINDE, FOR THE FFM GAS MOLECUIE FLOW OF A NON-UNIFORMC By
S. BELL

SERIES NO .....

.. 20 ......................................

ISSUE NO ................ 96.....................

CONTRACT N7-onr-295-Tank 3 FROJ2FTNR"'O61,OO03':REPORT NO. HE-150-115

JOINTLY SPONSORED BY OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH AND OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

SERIES NO. 2Q-96 SEPTEMBER 14, 1953

FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER AT LOW, PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

HEAT TRANSFER TO A CYLINDER FOR THE FREE MOLECULE FL4W OF A NON-UNIFORM GAS

By
S. BLL

FACULTY INVESTIGATOR: S. A. SCHAAF, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ENGINERING SCIENEE Approved by$

cA
Cf C1

=
=

element of surface area

EL, dlE, aE

molecular energy fluxes incident,

Maxwellian distribution function, Eq. 2.6

"'f
H?.)

factors of the velocity distribution

Ho)

functions of $ defined by Eq. 3.5

Sheat transfer coefficient per unit area,

It6

modified Bessel functions of zero and first order number of internal degrees of freedom Boltzmann Is constant length of cylinder Mach number (U/Va)

3
K
L

=
=

NI

molecular mass
'dL , CWw = number of molecules incident on and diffusely reflected from c per unit time, Eq. 2.9

Nusselt number (hA/C)

4)

pressure

Prandtl number (
+AW, )

.rL/I

normal stress deviation terms, Eq. L

2.5

cLQ

heat removed from GO by sinks inside the cylinder (per unit time)

Stotal heat removed from the cylinder

heat flux terms, Eq. 2.5 gas constant

R=

Reynolds number

(,U at I//)

,CU

radiant energy fluxes incident on, and

reflected from, dA per unit time, Eq. 2.1

}o

partial recovery factors, Eq. 3.10

S=

molecular speed ratio, Eq. 3.3

ST
STe STO ) =

Stanton number (Nu/1Reln.)

T
Taw.

= gas temperature

= equilibrium temperature of the cylinder wall in the absence of heat transfer, Eqs. 3.4 and 3.6 -stagnation
=

To
T
UAV

temperature

cylinder wall temperature

gas velocity components

LALV

molecular velocity components in X '9 8 , ' direction, Fig. 1 molecular velocity components in A # d'1 f', direction, Fig. 1 characteristic velocities associated with various degrees of freedom, Eq. 2.11 accoustic speed

NJ e N' 1I

--

V, V2.)

Va
X)

(IY"T' )

coordinates referred to flow direction, Fig. 1 coordinates referred to surface element, Fig. 1

S=L thermal accoomodation coefficient,

e--angle

between surface normal and flow direction, Fig. 1

S-C thermal conductivity /U = viscosity

p
-,

gas density

---- shear stress terms, Eq. 2.5

42d

Report No. HE-150-115

HEAT TRANSFER TO A CYLINIMR FOR THE FMX MOLECUL19 FIu OF A NON-UNIFORM GAS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The heat transfer to a body in free molecule flow has been determined theoretically by Tsien (Refo. 1) and others (Refs. 3 and 4). velopments, These investigations have been confined to gas flows in Maxwallian equilibriun. The present report is a continuation of Reference 6 in which the aerodynamic forces on a cylinder were determined for the case of a non-uniform gas (i.e., one in which heat flux or viscous stresses are present). It is assumed that the right circular cylinder, which is oriented perpendicular to the gas flow, has so large a thermal conductivity that it has a uniform wall temperature. Possible end effects are neglected. Stalder and Jukoff (Ref. 2) Experiments by Stalder, Creager and Goodwin

(Refs. 3 and 5) have provided some confirmation of the theoretical de-

The results depend on a knowledge of the molecular velocity distribution and the distribution assumed here is the one proposed by Grad (Ref. 7). The results are complete for the monatomic case but only

approximate for the polyatomic case. For the sake of brevity, much of the general discussion given in Reference 6 has not been repeated here.

2.0

METHOD OF ANALYSIS
2.1 Monatomic G_ The general method of analysis is the same as ii Reference 6 and the energy balance for a differential area is written

CdEl 4-dRK.

dE&~ 4-dR

(2.1)

-2Assuming no radiation and using the thermal accommodation coefficient

oLE L- ot E,
CLEL -

cLEw

(2.2)

one may rewrite the energy balance for convection

.O

1LQ

= ctE - d-Ew

(2.3)

The incident energy flux per unit area per unit time may-be expressed 0o0o 0o

2. JJ j
(2.4)
"-00-40

%here

is the distribution function used in Reference 6,

2.pL
t 2u. )
__-vV+

-f AX(Lk
(
-

U)z 1- V ,+4 M& W z 4f

(L- UU)

WU ,
(2.5)

5~RT
and
VRT )

W
(2.6)

Inoept for the molecular velocit

oomponents, all the variables The relations between velocity

appearing in Iqs, 2.5 and 2.6, are treated as constants throughout the region occupied by the cylinder,

eomponents are given bV

UL
V

--

' coso
LA'

SLnY

" + v OSL-A -- V'COS6

(2.7)

W= W1

-3The energy flux per unit area per unit time due to diffuse6y reflected molecules is

SAAdand since

YNEw dLN T

(2.8)

&Ew/&A

is to be computed on the assumption that all

of the molecules are reflected diffusely

d.A

J-0 -A
a

(2.9)

Combining Eqs. 2.39 2o4, 2.8 and 2.9 and integrating over the cylinder 0 0
V 12

L_%__V__

(2.10)
2.2 Polyatomic Gas In a polyatomic gas there are internal energies of rotation or of vibration or of both. To calculate the incident energy flux in this case, one should use a distribution function which includes the distribution of rotational and vibrational energies (e.g., see Ref. 8). If the gas molecules havej+3 degrees of freedom of motion (thus, j = 0 for a monatomic gas) the number of incident molecules may be written in the form

f. J{{
-00
00

w--

V) b%)

V)'*

(2.11)

&I &v'd , V,, .Vj I

"4where, for the sake of simplicity in illustrating a point, the classical mechanical approach has been adopted and a characteristic velocity has been associated with each degree of freedom of motion. Actually, an accurate calculation would require a quantum-mechanical formulation, Assuming that the total energy can be expressed as a sum of energies of each degree of freedom, the distribution function for Maxwellian equilbrium may be expressed in factored form,

W)

)~(~y' )A

'){ (V)

~.f('V'j

(2.12)

and the number per unit area of diffusely reflected molecules takes the form
Sf

-00

ff J
This separation of variables also occurs in the integration for

(2.3-3)

the energy flux per unit area due to diffusely reflected molecules. Making the further assumption that the energy associated with each degreee of freedom has a quadratic dependence on the velocity involved, a straight-forward calculation yields, for the diffusely reflected energy flux (Ref. 9, p. 93)

&LA

=K

,,

KTw _AN 2 dL A

For the non-Maxwellian case, one cannot factor the distribution function as in Eq. 2.12 and the corresponding relations for the incident energy flux presumably would become very complicated, As a first approximation, however, it seems reasonable to assume a similar separation of translational and internal energies so that

-5-

2
-00-@00

(2.15)

Combining Eqs. 2.3, 2.9, 2.14, and 2.15, and.integrating over the cylinder 0 CAO

-T 4

q=
"3.0

)PTw) (4 +j

LL

cld-V d

(2.16)

RESULTS
has Performing the integrations indicated in Eq. 2.16 one

+[,zjRT(slz f,-]o/) Q .1_= -ma oLLpURTc. jjs+(7 j ),S

+
+4(.j~(2-z +jS

S4

,6j S/S-/
9 (4 +(%/2+[S7- 4/)}

-jr(SYZ) +[12 +j](S.L/Z)

( s/ z

s ( 2 }]

.1 (3 )

where 1

has been eliminated by the relation

+~ 4*-f& f15~
I3: I.,are and
speed ratio the modified Bessel functions and G is the molecular

(3.2)

S=

U 2-

F2

(3.3)

Eq. 3.1 is valid for a monatomic gas (j - 0) and, under the assumptions of Eqso 2.14 and 2.15, would also be valid for a polyatomic gas. The results of Eq. 3.1 agree with those of Refs. 3 and 4 for the uniform case. It will be observed that there are no terms corresponding to a shear stress -. , nor to a heat flux, Qs , in the transverse direction. This was not the case for the aerodynamic force calculations of Ref. 6. Since these two terms are the principal non-uniformities in a boundary layer flow, it follows that a heat transfer type of free molecule probe is particularly advantageous for boundary layer surveys. If, by Taw, one denotes the equilbrium temperature assumed by the cylinder in the absence of heat transfer (adiabatic wall temperature), then Eq. 3.1 may be solved for T-a/ as a function

f/f and ./?UaU In the resulting expression for Taw /ithe denominator is expanded in powers of fw/p j f and .

1,L/f
Sgas.

If

By neglecting squares and higher powers t one obtains, for a monatomic

Hot
lit

-7where:

k1o

No(s) =F H

(S)G F.o

WWI

(S)

F (s)=
F,,,(s)

4"+
(s'./2

)4-- + +1o(slZ1
.4.3/2 )Lo(S-/2z

53'L)

+ (SZ2 - I)T, (S 1/)

Fe,(s)

Z=

+ (,zs32/)I,(sz/z)

- )(4 -S Go,,S GoS ( = (-z)+

2 L(S&/ ) (S'-/+) , r:o( /z)+ s',s

Gr%, (S.) -:.(.+S/5)laS/2

- 051Sl (S%/2

$.,

and an., 4 1,are presented graphi-

The recovery factor is defined tu

U-

Taw -T
T
0

-(T

3.6)

where To is the stagnation temperature.

Using the relation

T
one obtains

30.7)

or using Eq. 3.4

+4.tEq. 3.9 may be written

14%V

(3.9)

fU

AO +} .

(3.10)

These Opartial recovery factors% are presented graphically, for a monatomic gas, in Fig. 3. One defines the heat transfer coefficient per unit area as

u~m~--T~~)(3.11)
and the Stanton number is

ST

h(3.12)

-9Combining Eqs. 3,1, 3.11 and 3.12

4-

((sYU( 2/) S+
+

S2 IT(sY2)

:2y/2) W-

W/4

S5 where use has been made of

t(3.13)

2(3.1)
Eq. 3.13 may be written

ST

fr-

(3.15)

These *partial Stanton numbers" are presented graphically, for a monatomic gas in Fig. 4. Inspection of Fig. 4, reveals that the partial Stanton numbers corresponding to the non-uniform terms are all small compared to the Stanton number, STo., for the uniform case. Unless a gas flow is very non-uniform, i.e., if the flow itself is in the continuum or slip-flow region, the quantities pwand p% are small compared to + . It follows that the energy balance will be effected only slightly by the contributions arising from the viscous stress terms.

-O

5.01 1. H. S. Tuien 'Superaerodynamics, Mechanics of

Rarefied Gases*, Jour. Aeroo Sci. Vol. 13, pp 643-664, Dec. 1946. 2. J. R. Stalder, D. Jukoff
-

"Heat Transfer to Bodies Traveling at High Speed in the Upper Atmosphere', N.A.C.A. Rep. 944, 1949, (Formerly N.A.C.A. TN-1682)

3.

J. R. Stalder, G. Goodwin, G. O. Creager

*A Comparison of Theory and Experiment for High Speed Free Molecule Flow", N.A.C.A. TN-2244, 1950. "Generalized Theory of Convective Heat Transfer in a Free-Molecule Flow', Univ. of Calif., Engineering Projects Report HE-150-93, March 18, 1952.

4.

A. K. Oppenheim

5.

J. R. Stalder, G. Goodwin, G. o. Creager

'Heat Transfer to Bodies in a Highspeed Rarefied-Gas Stream', N.A.C.A. TN-2438, 1951. *Aerodynamic Forces on a Cylinder for the Free Molecule Flow of a Non-uniform Gas*, Univ. of Calif. Engineering Projects Report, HE-150-110, Dec. 1952.

6.

S. Bell, S. A. Schaaf

7.

H. Grad

'On the Kinetic Theory of Rarefiod Gases', Com. on Pure and Applied Math. Vol. 2, pp 331-407, 1949.

8.

C. S. Wang Chang,
G. E. Uhlenbeck

*Transport Phenomena in Polyatomic Gasesu, NOrd 7924 - UMH-3F, 1951. "The Principles of Statistical Mechanics, Oxford Univ. Press, London, First Editiont 1938.

9.

R. C. Tolman

Y
U ,y

FIG.I COORDINATE

SYSTEMS

HYD 6503-150-0

I0 5.0

2.0

0.5
Hq

0o.2

02 0.1

0.02

0.01 0 I MOLECULAR 2 SPEED RATIO 3 s = F+2 M 4

FIG. 2 *
T

PARTIAL TEMPERATURE RATIOS FOR NON-UNIFORM FREE MOLECULE FLOW

Pxx p

H pxx +

y Hy

pU + HqU

_HYD 6504-150-0

2.0

1.5

1-

rqx

1.0

w
0

00
01*

---

MOLECULAR

SPEED RATIO s =V

FIG. 3 PARTIAL RECOVERY FACTORS FOR NON-UNIFORM FREE MOLECULE FLOW PAST A CYLINDER (MONATOMIC GAS) r+TOw ZTI) T0 T oT p rp xx + Pyy r py + " r p pU qx
HYD 6505-150-0

1.0
0.5

0.2

L ST
0.1 .005
STp 0.2 '-ST Pxx O"

0z

0.0
pyy

z
0 ~0.0 1

is

z
(n .005

.002 I2 0 MOLECULAR SPEED RATIO FIG. 4 3 sM M4

PARTIAL STANTON NUMBERS FOR NON-UNIFORM FREE MOLECULE FLOW PAST A CYLINDER (MONATOMIC GAS)
oc

I - SI S

x T

1 STpxx+

py

- STpyy - pU

STqx

HYD 6504-150-0

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