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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Solution For Problem 1

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    Jeniffer Ong
    This document contains solutions to physics problems related to coupled oscillators, dispersive strings, transmission lines, pinhole cameras, reflection of light, oscillators in viscous media, capacitors discharging, and interferometric radio telescopes. Key points include: - The frequencies of a dispersive string are not integer multiples, so the string may never return to its original shape. - For a transmission line with impedance-matched loads, all the incident voltage passes through and no voltage is reflected. - The best pinhole camera resolution is achieved with a hole diameter of 1.2 times the wavelength over the focal length. - Reflection at an interface depends on the polarization of the incident light relative to the

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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Solution For Problem 1

    Uploaded by

    Jeniffer Ong
    37 views7 pages
    This document contains solutions to physics problems related to coupled oscillators, dispersive strings, transmission lines, pinhole cameras, reflection of light, oscillators in viscous media, capacitors discharging, and interferometric radio telescopes. Key points include: - The frequencies of a dispersive string are not integer multiples, so the string may never return to its original shape. - For a transmission line with impedance-matched loads, all the incident voltage passes through and no voltage is reflected. - The best pinhole camera resolution is achieved with a hole diameter of 1.2 times the wavelength over the focal length. - Reflection at an interface depends on the polarization of the incident light relative to the

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    Soln Final

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    This document contains solutions to physics problems related to coupled oscillators, dispersive strings, transmission lines, pinhole cameras, reflection of light, oscillators in viscous media, capacitors discharging, and interferometric radio telescopes. Key points include: - The frequencies of a dispersive string are not integer multiples, so the string may never return to its original shape. - For a transmission line with impedance-matched loads, all the incident voltage passes through and no voltage is reflected. - The best pinhole camera resolution is achieved with a hole diameter of 1.2 times the wavelength over the focal length. - Reflection at an interface depends on the polarization of the incident light relative to the

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views7 pages

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Solution For Problem 1

    Uploaded by

    Jeniffer Ong
    This document contains solutions to physics problems related to coupled oscillators, dispersive strings, transmission lines, pinhole cameras, reflection of light, oscillators in viscous media, capacitors discharging, and interferometric radio telescopes. Key points include: - The frequencies of a dispersive string are not integer multiples, so the string may never return to its original shape. - For a transmission line with impedance-matched loads, all the incident voltage passes through and no voltage is reflected. - The best pinhole camera resolution is achieved with a hole diameter of 1.2 times the wavelength over the focal length. - Reflection at an interface depends on the polarization of the incident light relative to the

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    of 7

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology

    Physics 8.03 Spring 2004 Final Exam Solutions Thursday, December 16, 2004 Solution for Problem 1 Coupled Oscillators
    (a) If mA = , then A = 0 and B =
    k +k mB .

    (b) If k = 0, then mA , mB and k form an isolate system and the center of mass of this system doesnt move. Therefore,

    mA xA = mB xB The force applied on mA is given by mA xA = k (xA xB ) Solving them gives m + m A B =0 xA + xA k mA mB is called the reduced mass. k k (c) If k = 0, then A = mA and B = mB . where M = (d) For the general situation, the coupled equations of motion are
    mA mB mA +mB

    (1)

    (2)

    k M

    (3)

    mA xA = kxA + k (xB xA ) mB xB = kxB k (xB xA )

    (4) (5)

    (e) Assume that xA = A cos t and xB = B cos t. The equations of motions become k+k k A B=0 mA mA k+k k B A=0 2 B + mB mB 2 A + rewrite them with A and B as the variables k+k k A 2 B=0 + mA mA k k+k 2 A B=0 + mB mB for A and B have non-zero root, the determinant should be equal to zero, that is
    k 2
    k + k 2 k + k 2 =0 mA mA mB mA 1 1 (k + k )2 k 2 + 4 2 (k + k ) + =0 mA mB mA mB The solutions for are
    2 1,2

    (6) (7)

    (8) (9)

    (10)

    (11)

    1 where p = (k + k ) mA +

    1 mB

    p 1 2 p = p 4q = 2 2 2 and q =
    (k+k )2 k2 . mA mB

    p2 q 4

    (12)

    Solution for Problem 2 Dispersive String


    (a) The phase velocity is vp = = k (b) The group velocity is d = vg = dk T + k 2 (13)

    T k 2 + 2k + k 2 + = T T + k 2 + k 2
    2 n vpn .

    (14)

    (c) There are three normal oscillation modes of the string The wave numbers kn = n and the frequencies n = vpn kn = L T 1 = + ( )2 L L 2 2 T + ( )2 2 = L L 3 T 3 + ( )2 3 = L L 2

    Therefore (15)

    (16)

    (17)

    y(x, t) = sin

    3x 2x x cos(1 t) + 4 sin cos(2 t) + 9 sin cos(3 t) L L L

    (18)

    (d) The frequencies are not integer multiples. It could be a long wait for the string to return to the shape y(x, 0), and it may NEVER happen !

    Solution for Problem 3 Transmission Line


    (a) The voltage wave is Vi (z < 0) = V0 cos(t kz). (b) For ZL = 0, the circuit is shorted at z = 0, thus Vt = 0 and
    Vr Vi

    ZL Z0 ZL +Z0

    = 1

    Vr = Vi .

    (c) At z = 0, we have 2 resistors parallel, each is 100. Thus the net impedance at z = 0 is 50. (d) Since the eective (net) impedance is the same as Z0 (both are 50), we have an impedancematched situation, i.e., Vr = 0, thus Vt = Vi . 50 50 Vr = =0 Vi 100 (e) The maximum incident current |Iimax | =
    |Vimax | Z0

    (19)

    = 10A. Ir = 0 (see part (d)).

    (i) thus 10A will be the maximum current in the lower wire for z < 0. (ii) The current splits equally between the load and the second transmission wire. Thus Imax through the load is 5A. (iii) upper wire for z > 0: Imax = 5A. (iv) lower wire for z > 0: Imax = 5A.

    Solution for Problem 4 Design your own pinhole camera


    See the solution to problem 11.4. The best resolution is achieved when 1.2L diameter of the circular hole.
    Given L = 0.7m, and = 5 107 m, thus b 0.65mm.
    b2 , where b is the

    Solution for Problem 5 Reection of Light


    (a) Snells law sin 1 = 1.5 sin 2 , 1 = 40 2 25.4 . Since the incident light is unpolarized, we may assume that the intensity of the parallel and the perpendicular components are each 50% of the incident light intensity. The reectivity for parallel and perpendicular components are r = tan(1 2 ) tan(1 + 2 ) sin(1 2 ) r = sin(1 + 2 ) 0.26 2.18 0.25 0.91 0.12 0.28 (20) (21)

    thus r2

    2 0.014, r

    0.077. The fraction of the incoming 10kW that is reected is 0.5(0.014+0.077)=4.55%.

    (b) Degree of linear polarization: 0.0770.014 0.69 70% linearly polarized in favor of the 0.077+0.014 direction.
    Notice for 1 = 56 (the Brewster angle), r = 0 and the reected light would have been 100%
    linearly polarized in the direction.

    Solution for Problem 6 Oscillator in Viscous Medium


    (a) The equation of motion of m is m = kx bx x that is,
    2 x + x + 0 x = 0 k b 2 where m = 0 and m = . (b) Now the equation of motion of m is

    (22)

    (23)

    m = kx bx + bd1 x where d1 = D1 cos(t). In terms of 0 and ,


    2 x + x + 0 x = D1 sin(t)

    (24)

    (25)

    (c) The steady state amplitude is D1 |A| = 2 (0 2 )2 + 2 2 (d) For this case, the equation of motion of m is m = k(x d2 ) bx + bd1 x where d2 = D2 cos(t + ). In terms of 0 and ,
    2 2 x + x + 0 x = D1 sin(t) + 0 D2 cos(t + ).

    (26)

    (27)

    (28)

    (e) In the absence of a driver, there is no motion in steady state. This will be the case when
    2 D1 sin(t) = 0 D2 cos(t + )

    (29)

    Thus, D2 =

    D1 2 0

    and = . 2

    Solution for Problem 7 Discharging a Capacitor


    (a)

    I close the switch. A current will start owing in clockwise direction. Faradays law B E dl = t I start at A and go clockwise and return to A. AA = 0, Kirchho s voltage rule does NOT apply! Instead 0 + IR Vc = L dI dt

    (30)

    (31)

    q Here Vc = C and I = dq . dt Notice I is clockwise, thus q decreases in time. Therefore I = dq . dt It now follows from (31)

    Lq qR

    q =0 C 5

    q+

    R q q+ =0 L LC

    (32)

    (b) q(t = 0) = q0 , q(t = 0) = 0. (c) critical damping 0 = 0 =


    1 , LC

    2 1 LC R =
    2L

    =
    R , thus: L

    L R = 2 C.

    (d) q(t) = (A1 + A2 t)e 2 t where A1 has the dimension of charge and A2 has the dimension of current.
    q(0) = q0 A1 = q0
    q =
    e
    2 (A1 + A2 t) + A2 e 2 t (t) 2 t = 0, q = 0, A1 + A2 = 0 A2 = q0 2 2 Thus, q(t) = q0 (1 + (e) For the case of critical damping
    Rt t)e 2L 2 (33)

    Solution for Problem 8 Interferometric Radio Telescope


    (a) The intensity pattern of this array of telescopes is sketched below = 6cm, d = 800m /d 7.5 105 radians. (b) The angular distance from zero to rst order is (c) The angular width of all orders is about
    10d d

    7.5 105 radians 1.5arcsec.

    15arcsec.

    7.5rad

    (d) The size of the radio dishes does not enter into the angular resolution. A larger dish, however, is more sensitive, just like a larger optical telescope (ground based). Larger dishes cost $$$! Its a matter of economy. If 2 radio sources, of approximatedly equal strength, are separated in the sky in E-W direction by an angle about
    10d ( 1.5arcsec), the interferometer will be able to resolve them. Below I
    sketched the response to 2 nearby sources. I made source #2 somewhat weaker than #1. You can see that the diameter of the dishes does not enter into this. Also notice that d/D is 32 for D = 25m and d/D = 8 for D = 100m. The inuence of D (diraction) shows up in the 6

    at rst order (where sin = /d), ( sin )2 0.997. At second order it is about 0.987. If D were 100m, there would be no change in height at zero order, but there would be a 5% reduction 0.95. But none of that would aect the angular resolution of the at rst order as ( sin )2 array. Notice, however, that the eld of view of the array is ONLY dictated by D. It is about D radians ( 8arcmin for D = 25m). Due to the rotation of the Earth, the sources move in the sky. Each source will produce its own pattern of maxima (see the gure under part (a)) as they move through the eld of view of the array. The two patterns can be resolved if the angular separation of the sources (E-W) is larger than about 1.5 arcsec. 1 arcsec is the angle at which you see a dime at a distance of about 2.3 km, this is about 1/1800 of the diameter of the sun and the moon.

    term ( sin )2 . This alters the heights of the maxima (though not at zero order). For D = 25m,

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