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Heat Engine

Heat engine is any machine designed to carry out a thermodynamic cycle and thus converting heat energy supplied to it into mechanical energy.

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Kumar Bhatt
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52 views10 pages

Heat Engine

Heat engine is any machine designed to carry out a thermodynamic cycle and thus converting heat energy supplied to it into mechanical energy.

Uploaded by

Kumar Bhatt
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEAT ENGINE

HEAT ENGINE Any machine designed to carry out a thermodynamic cycle & thus converting heat energy supplied to it into mechanical energy.

Heat Energy Energy

Thermodynamic Cycles

Mechanical

MAIN ELEMENTS OF HEAT ENGINE 1. A hot body : Sources of heat, which is received during the cycle. 2. A cold body: Sink of heat, which is given the heat 3. Working Fluid: works as medium to transfer heat from hot body to cold body, the working substance may be steam, mixture of fuel & air or only air.

Heat engine

Steam engine & steam turbine I.C engine & Gas turbine

Air eigine

AVAILBALBE WORK OF CYCLE:

Heat Engine H.E to M.E

Hot body

heat Received

Heat Rejected Cold body

Available Energy of cycle Q (with out any loss) Where,

Q1 - Q2

W = net work during the cycle in KJ Q = Available energy for doing work KJ Q1 = Heat received during each cycle from hot body in KJ Q2 = Heat rejected during each cycle to cold body KJ = efficiency of a cycle. Note : whatever heat is available is converted in to work.

Q1 - Q2

Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body Q1 - Q2 = -----------------Q1

CARNOT CYCLE:
No heat engine has ever been constructed to use it.
Theoretically permit the conversion of maximum quantity of heat energy

into mechanical energy.

a-b = Heat supplied at constant temperature (Isothermal Expansion). b-c = Isentropic expansion. c-d = Heat rejected at constant temperature (Isothermal Compression). d-a = Isentropic compression. For any non-flow thermodynamic process Heat added = work done + change in I.E a-b = Heat supplied at constant temperature (Isothermal Expansion). Therefore, change in I.E = 0. Heat added during a-b = work done + I.E = work done + 0 = Pa Va Log(Vb/Va)+0 = R Ta log (r1) = R T1 log (r1) Where, r1 = Isothermal expansion ratio. = Vb/Va c-d = Heat rejected at constant temperature (Isothermal Compression). Heat rejected during c-d = work done + I.E

= work done + 0 = Pc Vc Log(Vc/Vd)+0 = R Tc log (r1) = R T2 log (r2)

Where, r2 = Isothermal compression ratio. = Vc/Vd Net work done = H.S H.R = R T1 log (r1) - R T2 log (r2) b-c = Isentropic expansion. Tb/Tc = (r) T1/T2 = (r)
-1

---------------------------------------------------------------(i) because Ta=Tb=T1 & Tc=Td=T2

-1

For d-a = Isentropic compression, Ta/Td = (r)


-1

---------------------------------------------------------------(ii)

From (i) & (ii) Vc/Cb = Vd/Va i.e r2 =r1 Net workdone = R [ T1 log (r1) - T2 log (r2) ]

Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body

R [ T1 log (r1) - T2 log (r2) ] ----------------------------------------------R [ T1 log (r1) ]

= T1 T2 / T1

OTTO CYCLE

1-2 = Adiabatic Compression

2-3 = Constant volume Heat supplied 3-4 = Adiabatic Expansion 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. 2-3 = Constant volume Heat supplied Heat supplied = Cv ( T3 T2 ) 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. Heat rejected = Cv ( T4 T1 )

Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body Cv ( T3 T2 ) - Cv ( T4 T1 ) -------------------------------------------------= Cv ( T3 T2 )

= 1- ( T4- T1)/(T3-T2) -------------------------------------------------------(i)

Now, 1-2 = Adiabatic Compression T2/T1 = ( V1/ V2 ) -1 = (r)


-1

r = Compression ratio = V1/V2 T2 = T1 (r)


-1

3-4 = Adiabatic Expansion T3/T4 = ( V4/ V3 ) -1 = (r)


-1

r = Expansion ratio = V4/V3

T3 = T4 (r)

-1

Putting value of T2 & T3 in equation (i) otto = = 1- 1/ (r) 1- ( T4- T1)/(T3-T2)


-1

DIESEL CYCLE (CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE)

1-2 = Adiabatic Compression 2-3 = Constant Pressure Heat supplied 3-4 = Adiabatic Expansion 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. 2-3 = Constant volume Heat supplied Heat supplied = Cp ( T3 T2 ) 4-1 = Constant volume Heat rejected. Heat rejected = Cv ( T4 T1 ) Heat equivalent to net work done/ cycle = --------------------------------------------------------Heat received /cycle from hot body Cp ( T3 T2 ) - Cv ( T4 T1 ) -------------------------------------------------= Cv ( T3 T2 )

= 1- ( T4- T1)/ (T3-T2) -------------------------------------------------------(i) Let, Compression ratio = V1/V2 = r Cut off ratio = V3/V2 = Expansion ratio = V4/V3 = r / From , Constant Pressure heat supplied P2V2/ T2 = P3V3/T3 T3/T2 = V3/V2 = T2 = T3/ Now from adiabatic compression 1-2 T2/T1 = ( V1/ V2 ) -1 T1 = T2 / (r)
-1

= (r)

-1

Substituting value of T2 = T3 / T1 = T3 / (r)


-1

From adiabatic expansion T3/T4 = ( V4/ V3 ) -1 T4 = T3 ()


-1

= (r/ )
-1

-1

(r)

Substituting values of T2, T1 & T4 in equation of effieciency.

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