Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Goal: To understand the observed behavior of electrode kinetics with respect to potential and concentration. = i/nFA (mol/s-cm2) Rate = f(E)
Dynamic Equilibrium A f = kfCA (M/s)
kf kb
B
s-1
b = kbCB
Non-zero rates but equal.
net = kfCA - kbCB kf/kb = Keq = CB/CA
Kinetics describe the evolution of mass flow throughout the system, including the approach to equilibrium and the dynamic maintenance of the state.
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Arrhenius Equation and Potential Energy Surfaces
Most rate constants for solution-phase reactions vary with temperature and a common relationship is that ln k varies as 1/T.
k = A exp(-Ea/RT)
A = frequency factor (attempts to surmount a reaction barrier) Ea = activation energy (kJ/mol) (internal energy involved in changing states) In a condensed = E + (PV) H system, (PV)~0.
k = A exp(-G /RT)
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Absolute rate theory or activated complex theory. Goal: to predict Ea and A
Rate = kf [A] = fABk[complex] Rate of transforming A into B Rate = kb [B] = fBAk[complex] Rate of transforming B into A At equilibrium, kf[A] = kb[B] so fAB = fBA (given values of 1/2) Values of f reflect the probability that a species reaching the activated state crosses over the energy barrier to the other well.
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
kf =(/2)k exp (-Gf/RT) kb =(/2)k exp (-Gb/RT)
Transmission coefficient (0-1)
k = (kT/h) exp (-G/RT)
k = Boltzmann constant, 1.38 x 10-23 J/K H = Planck constant, 6.62 x 10-34 J-s
1st order rate constant
Rate constant for an elementary process is fixed for a given temperature and pressure, but does not depend on the reactant or product concentrations.
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Accurate kinetic picture of any dynamic process must yield an equation in the thermodynamic form in the limit of equilibrium. O + nekf kb
E = Eo + (2.303RT/nF)log(Co*/CR*) 0.059/n
In many systems, it has been found that the current varies exponentially with the potential according to the following relationships (Tafel)
i = aexp(/b) = a + b log i
= E Eo
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
f = kfCo(0,t) = ic/nFA b = kbCR(0,t) = ia/nFA
(mol/cm2-s) net = f - b = kfCo(0,t) kbCR(0,t) = i/nFA
inet = ic ia = nFA[kfCo(0,t) kbCR(0,t)]
k = cm/s
C = mol/cm3
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
kf = ko exp(-nF/RT) kb = ko exp((1-)nF/RT)
inet = nFAk0[Co(0,t)exp(-nF/RT) CR(0,t)exp((1-)nF/RT)]
kf,b = koexp(nF/RT) At E0, =0 so kf,b = ko
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Standard free energy changes during a faradaic reaction.
Gc = Go + F(E-E0) Ga = Go - (1-)F(E-E0)
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
is the transfer coefficient and it is a measure of the symmetry barrier.
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
The Standard Rate Constant, ko, and Exchange Current, io The standard rate constant is simply a measure of the kinetic facility of a redox couple. A system with a large ko (0.1 to 10 cm/s) will achieve equilbrium faster than a system with a small ko. At equilibrium the net current is zero and the electrode will adopt a potential based on the bulk concentrations of Ox and Red as dictated by the Nernst Equation. Balanced faradaic activity at the electrode, exchange currents. io = nFAk0CO*(1-)CR*
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
Chapter 3: Kinetics of Electrode Reactions
i = aexp(/b)
= a + b log i
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics
In ET treatment, reactant is assumed to be held at a fixed distance from the electrode plane of closest approach or the outer Helmholtz plane. Act of ET usually considered as tunneling of the electron between states in the electrode (electrons or vacancies) and those of the reactant (acceptor or donor). Probability of ET exp (-x) depends on the height of the energy barrier and the nature of the medium between the two states. el(x) = el0exp(-x)
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics
Ox
e-
Red x0 What happens structurally to get the reactant ready for ET? Activated complex.
SAMs - Distance effects on ET Slope = - ln ket 1-1.2 -1
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics Marcus Theory
Inner sphere ET = reaction in an activated complex where reactant and product share a ligand. ET within a primary bond system. Strong interaction with the electrode surface (e.g., adsorption). Bond breakage and or formation. Outer sphere ET = reaction between two species in which the original coordination sphere is maintained. ET from one primary bond system to another. Little or no interaction with the electrode surface. ET occurs isoenergetically. Electron moves from an initial state to a receiving state at the same energy. Reactants and products do not change their atomic configuration during the act of ET. Franck-Condon principle a common nuclear configuration at the moment of ET
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics - Marcus Theory
Ox + eRed (cm/s)
kf,h = KP,Onel exp (- Gf/RT)
KP,O = precursor equilibrium constant. Ratio of concentration in the reactive position at the electrode to the solution concentration. (cm) n = nuclear frequency factor. Frequency of attempts on the energy barrier. Related to bond vibrations and solvent motion. (s-1) electronic transmission coefficient. Related to the probability of el = electron tunneling. Often taken as unity when the reactant is close to the electrode so that there is strong coupling between reactant and electrode.
Rate = kf,h[Reactant]
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics Marcus Theory
Changes in nuclear coordinates come about from vibrational and rotational motion in O and R, and from fluctuations in the position and orientation of solvent molecules. The transition state is the position where O and R have the same configuration , denoted by the reaction coordinate, q.
Gf = (/4) (1 + (F(E-Eo))/)2 Gf = (/4) (1 + (F(E-Eo) wO + wR)/)2
In general, there are also free energy changes associated with bringing the reactants and products from the average environment in the medium to the special environment where the ET occurs. These include the energy of ion pairing and the electrostatic work needed to reach the reactive position.
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics Marcus Theory
Gf = (/4) (1 + (F(E-Eo))/)2 Gf = (/4) (1 + (F(E-Eo) wO + wR)/)2
The critical parameter is, , the reorganization energy which represents the energy necessary to transform the nuclear configurations in the reactant and solvent to those of the product state.
= (k/2)(qR-qO)2 = i + o
i = inner sphere, reorganization of species O. o = outer sphere, reorganization of species O.
o = (e2/8o)(1/ao 1/R)(1/op 1/s)
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics Marcus Theory
The theory offers great value in the chemical and physical insight that it provides. = 1/F(Gf/E) = + F(E-Eo)/2 (kex/Aex)1/2 = ko/Ael Relationship between homo and heterogeneous ET. Ael (10-4 to 10-5 cm/s) and Aex (1011 to 1012 M-1s-1) are the preexponential factors. ko will be larger when the internal reorganization energy is smaller (O and R have similar structures). Electron transfer involving large structural changes (bond lengths and angles) tend to be slower. Large molecules (ao) show lower solvation energies than small molecules. The so-called inverted region.
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics Energy States
Main idea is that ET can take place from any occupied energy state in the electrode that is matched in energy, E, with an unoccupied receiving state in the solution. Gerischer Model
One has to consider the energies and numbers of available electrons (donors) and vacancies (acceptors) in the electrode. Electronic properties can influence ET.
Chapter 3: Electrode Kinetics Energy States
Rate = kf,h [Reactant] O + eR
kf,h = red(E)WO(,E)f(E)(E)E
red(E) proportionality factors, cm3-eV
WO(,E) probability density function for solution acceptor, eV-1
f(E) probability that a state of energy, E< is occupied by an e-
(E)
density of electronic states, cm-2eV-1
