605 Test Bank Rev.

B ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS REVIEW QUESTIONS: Revision B When you say that people need a KITA to get them to work, you are making use of which theory: a) b) c) d) e) f) ERG; Theory x/Theory Y Positive reinforcement; Conflict resolution; Equity; All of these.

The author of the two-factor theory is: a) b) c) d) e) David McClelland; Henry Fayol; Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Herzberg; Clayton Alderfer

The ability of the brain to absorb learning is increased when: a) b) c) d) e) A person is told to create joins in the mind; The preconscious is made to empty its clusters; The learner is threatened with horrific consequences if he or she does not learn; The learner is motivated; The person refrains from taking food or drink

Maslow's need hierarchy theory involves: a) b) c) d) e) Six basic categories of need which must be satisfied at all times; The assumption that a satisfied need does not motivate; A very simple set of emotional levels and their influence on people's behavior; The assumption that higher level needs are satisfied more narrowly than lower level needs; Needs that do not change regardless of the circumstances

The author who looked at the workplace from the top down and set down the basic ideas of management as a process is: a) b) c) d) e) Elton Mayo; Frederick Winslow Taylor; Harold Leavitt; Henri Fayol; Chris Argyris

Motivation is: a) b) c) d) e) An inner tension to act in a specific, goal-directed way; An inner feeling that the company tries to develop in each employee; An understanding between superior and subordinate which develops on the job; All of these; None of these

The need level immediately preceding self actualization in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is:
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605 Test Bank Rev. B a) b) c) d) e) Social; Physiological; Safety; Sensual; Esteem

Vrooms motivation theory involves: a) b) c) d) e) Anxiety, feelings, stimulation, valence; Effort, performance, outcome, valence; Security, promotion, valence, and outcome; Valence, effort, outcome, expectancy; None of these

Problem solving brings into operation: a) b) c) d) e) Only the conscious brain; Only the preconscious brain; Only the unconscious brain; All of these; None of these

Fred E. Fiedler developed: a) b) c) d) e) Leadership exchange theory; Great man vs. evolving talent theory; Path-goal theory; Charismatic leadership concepts; Contingency theory

The "information base" of an individual is roughly equated to: a) b) c) d) e) An individual's interest in the job; McClelland's theories of information gathering; The library and files available to the problem solver; The knowledge available in a company database; An individual's intellectual capital

The time span of discretion (or gratification) which is an axis in the concept of how self actualization develops in an individual comes from the work of: a) b) c) d) e) Eliot Jacques; McClellan; Vroom; Heisenberg; None of these

A normal individual develops from a babys perspective to that of an adult in which a person develops personal growth along: (Is it the same thing Discretion and Time span of Discretion????) a) Three axes of discretion, scope, and speed of decision making; b) Discretion, analysis, and knowledge; c) Discretion scope and amount;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B d) Value, scope, discretion, and maturity; e) None of these When an employee feels his reward to input ratio is less than what his fellow workers are getting, the most applicable theory to describe this situation is: a) b) c) d) e) Linking pin theory; Scientific Management theory; Reinforcement theory; Equity theory; ERG theory

In the Hawthorne relay room studies, the company set up an Experimental Room and a Control Room with a group of women in each. The Control Room was used as: (?????) a) A room to measure output when nothing was changed; b) A room to measure output when only certain conditions were changed; c) A room to double-check the measures of output when changes were made in both the Control Room and the Experimental Room; d) A room to actually do the measurements of what was happening in the Experimental Room, e) None of these In tests of childrens time span of gratification where they were told they could either take one marshmallow now or if they could wait a few minutes, they could have two marshmallows later, follow up studies (14 years later) showed that: a) b) c) d) e) Those who grabbed the earliest developed into greater social and emotional successes; Those who grabbed the earliest were the most socially competent; Those who could wait became more academically and socially successful; Both groups developed pretty much in the same way; There was no correlation between who grabbed earlier or later and success or failure later in life

The person who developed managerial applications of achievement theory is: a) b) c) d) e) Argyris; Alderfer; McClelland; Adams; None of these

Systematic reinforcement of desirable organizational behavior and the non-reinforcement of unwanted organizational behavior are: (?????) a) b) c) d) e) Negative reinforcement; Positive-negative balanced reinforcement; Shaping; Field reinforcement theory; None of these

Douglas McGregor's name is associated with the theory of: a) Group motivation; b) KITA;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B c) Theory Z; d) Theory X-Y e) Both (c) and (d) Rensis a) b) c) d) e) Likert developed: Linking pin theory; Four classifications of leadership styles; Contingency Theory; Both (a) and (b); Neither (a) nor (b)

Elton Mayo was involved with experiments in: a) b) c) d) e) Production of new types of food dressing; Career development; Analysis of personality problems at home; Group productivity; All of these

Your emotions, namely your moodhow you feel at the moment, happy or glumcan affect your motivation. In terms of Vrooms theory, what does a good (positive) mood do for you? a) It allows you to yield a better O from P; b) It shapes your perception of the connection between E-P, P-O, and valence value of desired outcomes; c) It makes you independent of the connections between E-P, P-O and Valence, d) It creates motivation to accept Valence better, e) Any of these depending on circumstances Which Practical Motivation style is closest to Hygiene Theory of Management: a) b) c) d) e) Be strong; Be Good; Keep the implicit bargain; Keep the workplace as a competitive field; Generate internal motivation

The study of leadership development can be started by looking at theories of: a) b) c) d) e) the Emerging Role; the Born leader or "Great Man"; the Linking Pin; both (a) and (b); neither of these

Which of the following might we study to increase workplace group productivity: a) people at a class graduation celebration; b) a group that is splitting up to go to various floors in a skyscraper to inspect fire-protection measures; c) a group of players sitting on the sidelines during a big baseball game; d) a class of school children trying to build a high tower out of giant Lego Blocks

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605 Test Bank Rev. B An officious individual in the bank wiring room experiment at Hawthorne would have been one who acted in what way toward the workers wiring the banks: a) he would have been bossy; b) he would have found and demanded correction of every mistake he noted during his inspection; c) she would have allowed the men to work as efficiently as they decided they could work; d) she would have stood back and said nothing as the work went on; e) she would have done something else not mentioned here A great theory to use when you are studying why an employee is not motivated in his or her job is: a) b) c) d) e) Theory X-Y; ERG theory; Achievement Theory; Blake and Mouton Theory; Any of these depending on the circumstances

An organization approaching change must always be careful to take into consideration the problem of: a) b) c) d) passive avoidance; threats perceived by the workers confronting the change; the necessity of freezing the existing situation before making the change; the necessity of making sure the workers get an absolutely fine payoff for following directions in the change; e) impressing the workers with the idea that if they cannot move with the times, they will have to get out The most important element of the group process is: a) b) c) d) e) group norms and cohesion; group work-product composition; formal authority; environment and organizational climate; none of these

The Observer Effect is: a) Werner Heisenbergs proof that measuring something changes it; b) that when a change in monitoring a group takes place, any improvement in production will always evaporate after a while; c) a change in the way a group is managed will have an effect on its production, but how much and for how long depends on prior conditions; d) detected when the company is looking at how a brand new group is functioning; e) both (a) and (d) Which of the following is the biggest danger of group decision making: a) b) c) d) e) too many responses and the excessive amount of time to evaluate them; increaser communication problems; groupthink; disruptive conclusions; too great a variety of approaches that take too much time to evaluate them

Cohesion tends to be low in groups characterized by members who:

605 Test Bank Rev. B a) b) c) d) e) have high social needs; are homogeneous in terms of attitudes; are high achievers; vary widely in their socio-economic backgrounds; in all of these

Which of these tends to increase group cohesiveness: a) b) c) d) e) multiple group goals; large size; physically located close to other groups; group diversity; success in doing a project

An example of a group task activity is: a) b) c) d) e) encouraging; harmonizing; clarifying; accepting; any of these depending on the circumstances

An example of a group maintenance activity is: a) b) c) d) e) gate-keeping; explaining; analyzing all three of these; none of these

When trying to change someones behavior, it is important to note a) b) c) d) e) the changers own motivation; the changee characteristics; how much knowledge the changer actually has of the changee; the responsibilities the changer and the changee have to one another for effecting the change all of these

Among the various models that describe how people effect change over one another, which one is a valid model at the workplace: a) b) c) d) e) collaborative; money-incentive; authority-leadership; pressure-coercion; All of these are valid models

When groups are in competition with one another, within each group: a) b) c) d) e) members lose cohesiveness; concern for group task accomplishment decreases; members become most unwilling to accept a single leader; activities become less structured none of these
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605 Test Bank Rev. B Emotional Intelligence arises from the fact that when exterior stimuli impact on the body, they impact on the brain through the senses which carry the signal: a) through parts of the brain that create emotional reactions before they reach the front of the brain; b) up through the spinal cord to either the left or right half of the brain for processing; c) into the limbic region of the brain which then reacts to the stimulus with no need for further action by the brain; d) right through to the frontal cortex and which then generates a response; e) none of these Which one of these activities increases the bad effects of inter-group competition? a) b) c) d) e) identifying a common enemy; appealing to a common goal; increasing direct negotiations between the groups; training members of the competing groups in group skills; none of these

The symptoms of Abilene Effect include which one of the following: a) everyone goes along, but inwardly hates the solution; b) everyone goes along, but then sabotages implementation; c) everyone goes along and then internalizes the solution because they are sure the group made the right decision; (Groupthink) d) everyone goes along until just before the final vote and then openly expresses opposition; e) none of these Max Weber examined the: a) b) c) d) e) decision-making of the small organization; operation of the large organization with line operations; functioning of decentralized organizations; the bureaucracy; none of these

Transactional Analysis is a useful way of looking at communication interactions in: a) b) c) d) e) small groups; large groups; unstructured task groups; two person situations; all of these

Chris Argyris is a researcher who researched: a) b) c) d) applications of Mayo's hierarchy of needs at the workplace; Fayols theories applied to the workplace; Vrooms theory and its contradictions when examined at the workplace; the problems of self-actualization versus work

The membership of a problem-solving group seeking maximum creativity should be: a) as focused as the group can be constrained to be;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B b) c) d) e) as homogeneous as possible; as carefully constrained as possible; as diverse as an organization can make it; all of these

A sociogram is used to detect: a) a) b) c) d) problems in the creative process; problems in the hierarchical process; problems in the motivational process; problems in communications none of these

The use of a personality model as a means of studying behavior starts with: a) b) c) d) e) the observer writing down all his or her feelings; the observer writing down a preliminary analysis of what the findings are likely to be; a careful self-analysis of ones own behavior a careful observation of the behavior of the subject being studies; all of these

Attitudes have the following three components that determine the regularity of an individuals feelings, thoughts, and predispositions to act in an environment: a) b) c) d) e) affective, cognitive, reductive components; cognitive, affective, behavioral components; predisposition; regularity; and environmental components; active, reactive, proactive components; none of these.

Combining the Harold J. Leavitt Model with that of Maslow requires what modification of the Maslow theory? the hierarchy of needs must be satisfied at each step before going onto the next step; the hierarchy of needs should be examined from the security and higher needs only; the stimulus and goal of the model must be made congruent with each other; all the needs in the hierarchy may be examined simultaneously--that is, higher order needs can be satisfied even when lower order needs are not; e) none of these a) b) c) d) Which of the following is NOT a component of the Maslow-Leavitt model for studying behavior: a) b) c) d) e) stimulus; needs); behaviors; goal; perceptions

Cognitive dissonance is what people suffer when: a) b) c) d) e) they believe in something and then go ahead and act that way; they are rewarded for something they do not believe in; when their overt behavior is forced by circumstances to go against their inner beliefs; when other people behave strangely against someones inner beliefs; any of these depending on the circumstances
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605 Test Bank Rev. B A simplified statement of the "Hawthorne effect" is: a) b) c) d) e) people want to see that management is properly designing their work; Control is a key element in establishing a work group; Fatigue and physiological factors play the major role in determining output; job enlargement/enrichment determine the extent to which work meets quality standards; people respond to management's interest in their work and treatment accordingly

The use of models for the description of human behavior and personality started with: a) b) c) d) e) Freud; Aristotle Leavitt; Luther; someone else Confucius

The major characteristic (or characteristics) limiting the number of people an engineering supervisor might have in her group is: a) b) c) d) e) the diversity of the members; how well the people speak the language; the number of channels of communication; the frequency of messages coming into the manager; all of these

The major advantage a small organization will have over the large one in developing creative ideas is: a) b) c) d) a more diverse work force; more bottom-line directed management; higher levels of personnel motivation; a diversity of information channels

Exchange theory as an explanation of leadership involves: a) b) c) d) e) rewards vs. costs in being the leader; rewards vs. costs in being a follower; the nature of the balance between those rewards and costs; all of these; none of these

A problem solving group starts with divergent thinking which is: a) b) c) d) e) an expansion of the problems characteristics and scope; a coming together of the groups thought processes; a combination of expansion and contraction; thinking leading to action; none of these

Arriving at a consensus avoids: a) viewing differences of opinion as helpful; b) using discussion to illuminate new facts; c) approaching the task on the basis of logic;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B d) using conflict-reducing mechanisms such as voting Alderfer's theory is a condensation or rework of the theory propounded by: a) b) c) d) e) Herzberg; Fiedler; McGregor; Victor Thompson; none of these Maslow

Which one of these is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy: rules cover operations; jurisdictional areas rigorously defined by law; keeping of detailed records; qualifications and specified credentials required before someone can take a particular job in the bureaucracy e) flexibility in operations a) b) c) d) The writer who gave us the concept of the "Protestant Ethic" is: a) b) c) d) e) Robert House; Harold Leavitt; Max Weber; Mao Tse Tung; Mahatma Gandhi

The main objective of an organizational psychology course is to: a) provide specific answers to business productivity questions; b) develop a series of mental concepts from which to analyze people problems and structure answers; c) provide business people with a source of human relations research leads; d) help explain, predict, manipulate behaviors; e) other things not mentioned here The Bank Wiring Room's "Worker's ethic" has a major application in today's space effort based on the principle of: a) b) c) d) e) don't be a rate buster; don't be a chiseler; don't be officious; don't squeal all of these

Frederick Winslow Taylor's work measurement experiments led to his formulation of the: a) b) c) d) e) Observer Effect; Worker's Ethic; the principle of Plan, Organize, Coordinate, Command, Control; development of the Therblig; Principles of Scientific Management

A company which seeks to improve its employee problem solving and decision making capabilities should:
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605 Test Bank Rev. B a) b) c) d) e) encourage them to read their technical journals; encourage them to go to conventions, exhibits, and meetings; encourage them to read outside their immediate job interests; all of these; none of these

Irving Janis was the researcher who came up with the explanation of: a) b) c) d) e) group motivation; group cohesiveness; Abilene Effect; pseudo-group operation; groupthink

Thorndikes Law of Effect tells us that: a) b) c) d) a behavior that affects the person who does it will have an effect on him or her; behavior with positive results will be repeated and with negative results reduced; to have an effect, behavioral change must be swift and intense; an effective intervention strategy for behavioral modification calls for avoiding either punishments or rewards e) behavior is an unknown and how and what affects it cannot be predetermined A company which seeks better and more creative problem solving and decision making should: a) hire easy-going people who look at the work with less seriousness; b) try to make work groups more homogeneous so they work together better; c) establish a reward system that pays off handsomely for those who come up with the ideas; d) all of these; e) none of these Which of the following contributes to the human personality? a) b) c) d) e) heredity; environment; maturation; all of these; none of these

William H. Whytes analysis of the Organization Man tells us: a) there is a conflict between the self actualization of the individual and the organizations needs; b) the individual wants to be independent and an achiever while the organization wants mainly that the person fit the group and the company; c) the person must conform to the law of the land and operate only to organization codes; d) all of these; e) none of these Which of the following would Herzberg consider to be a motivator? a) salary; b) nice office; c) supervision;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B d) working conditions e) responsibility Which one of the following is NOT included in Alderfer's work motivation theory? a) b) c) d) e) growth; satisfaction; existence; relatedness; none of these

A rational manager will satisfice which means that he looks for solutions that are: a) b) c) d) e) salutary and feasible; satisfactory and efficient; salutary and efficient; satisfactory and sufficient; any of these depending on the nature of the problem

Which of the following probably assumes the most complexity in human motivation? a) b) c) d) e) Taylor; Herzberg; Maslow; Vroom; Taylor

The model, "Perception of People," focuses on three major parts of the formation of image in the brain: a) b) c) d) e) charisma, amorphous environment, receiver; stimulus person, habitual response variables, receiver; personal variables, Stereotypes, stimulus image; stimulus person, amorphous environment, causality none of these

An employee earns the MBA degree, yet the boss does not notice it and the workers have no increased respect or regard for the person. This is a problem of: a) b) c) d) e) intellectual laziness; ongoing perceptions; attitudes; all of these; none of these

The equity theory of work motivation is based on the fact that: a) workers are always precisely aware of how much work they do or do not complete; b) workers communicate their accomplishments to management so that they can be fairly compensated; c) workers who are highly paid really do not care what the equity ratio is even when compared to their fellow employees d) workers become aware of equity ratios when they compare themselves to other workers; e) all of these depending on circumstances
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605 Test Bank Rev. B Vroom's theory of motivation assumes that: a) b) c) d) e) effort yields an outcome; without performance, the outcomes have no valence; valence will be positive when there is an outcome; effort yields performance; none of the these

When a rational manager bounds her problem, it means she carefully establishes: a) b) c) d) e) how much manpower will be spent on it; who will be assigned to the problem; the reason for assigning it; the time and resources that will be spent on it; all of these

High achievers, according to McClelland, are most characterized by: a) b) c) d) e) a preoccupation with the task; consistently positive attitudes; an avoidance of moderate risks; their need for friends at work; all of these

Four people watched an industrial accident happen. When questioned, each of them gave a completely different sequence of events. This is a problem of: a) b) c) d) e) lying; creative thinking; subliminal perception; amorphous locations and environment; perceptual differences

Who was the experimenter who devised a test to see how people would respond when someone in authority gave them orders to do something that was morally wrong or caused someone injury? His experiments were designed to reveal how people would react to orders given to them by someone in authority who told them to inflict severe electrical shocks on a person strapped to a chair (an actor who made believe he was suffering great pain): a) b) c) d) e) David McClelland; Blake & Mouton; Abraham Maslow; Elliot Jacques; someone else Milligram

In experiments in which test subjects were given orders by a person in authority to inflict severe electrical shocks on a person strapped to a chair (an actor who made believe he was suffering great painhe really was not getting those electrical shocks), how did the majority of test subject people respond to those orders? a) they refused to give shocks when they saw the person in the chair apparently suffering terribly (the actor was really faking it); b) they hurt the person up to a self-determined limit and then stopped taking the orders; c) they left the experiment area without getting further involved;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B d) they complied with all commands and inflicted even severe shocks when ordered to do so; e) they reacted in multiple waysthere was no consistency According to equity theory, if James perceived his bonus to be inequitable compared to his colleague's bonus, and thus decided not to work his "usual" 60 hours a week, he perceptually would be restoring equity by: a) b) c) d) e) leaving the field; acting on his colleague; decreasing his inputs; decreasing his outputs; any of these is correct

When a person misses his/her "Windows of Development" for playing the violin, it means: it will be impossible to train that person to play the violin; it will be easier to train that person to play the clarinet or a French horn than the violin; that person will never be any good at all in playing the instrument; the person may never develop to be a world class concert violinist, but he or she will still be able to make mighty fine music; e) none of these a) b) c) d) Expanding the number of operations at the same level of complexity that are performed by the worker is called: a) b) c) d) e) job enrichment; job rotation; horizontal job loading; vertical job loading; job enlargement

Designing jobs to include a greater variety of work content, a higher level of knowledge and skill, and greater autonomy and responsibility is called: a) b) c) d) job enlargement; job rotation; job enrichment; job analysis

In general, which of the following jobs would contain the least motivating potential for most people? a) b) c) d) e) surgeon; route sales representative; high school teacher; foreman in a factory; assembly line worker

Role reversal in the large organization takes place when: (?????) a) b) c) d) a supervisor needs information from a subordinate; a supervisor directs the subordinate to perform specific tasks; the managing director of a company becomes a subordinate when meeting with the owners; the owners of the company direct the managing director to perform specific tasks;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B e) all of these Role reversal tends to take place, most often, between: (?????) a) b) c) d) e) manual workers and their foremen; between very high level executives and their company owners; between workers on the assembly line and their supervisors; skilled professionals and their managers; all of these

The word "Thinking" refers to: a) b) c) d) e) the passage of ideas from the pre-conscious to the unconscious brain; the passage of ideas from the limbic region of the brain to the cortex; the passage of ideas from the left to right brain halves; any of these; none of these

The key use of experience in creative thinking is that it builds: a) b) c) d) e) The goal-orientation of the conscious mind; The "information base" of the pre-conscious mind; The basic clusters of the unconscious mind; The clusters of the limbic region of the brain; All of these

The change procedure on which to base actions in an organization introduced by Kurt Lewin has the three major components of: a) b) c) d) e) analysis, intervention, solution; survey, feedback, innovation; unfreezing, moving, refreezing; analysis, integration, reintegration; unfreeze, change, refreeze

In group-oriented societies, what dimension are job applicants evaluated on more than the others? a) b) c) d) e) trustworthiness; personal achievements; education; professional achievements none of these

Negative Reinforcement strengthens a behavior because: a) b) c) d) e) punishment is inflicted when someone misbehaves; a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behavior; behavior turns positive when the situation is improved; it is the negative of positive reinforcement so the behavior seeks positive reinforcement; none of these

Elliot Jacques developed a theory of measuring the value of work by: a) the degree it fostered self actualization; b) the degree it improved social relationships at work;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B c) the level of authority to which the worker reported; d) the time span of 'discretion' that elapses before the decisions are monitored. Negative reinforcement: a) b) c) d) is a form of positive control; has the opposite effect from positive reinforcement; is actually a type of "blackmail" control of behavior; is recommended as an effective intervention strategy for behavioral modification;

Responses that are followed by positive, desirable consequences will be repeated while those behaviors followed by negative, undesirable consequences will be less likely to reoccur is a statement of the: a) b) c) d) e) law of nature; law of effect; law of relativity; law of receptors; law of moral responsibility

The Freud model of behavior is a direct lead-in to the model which enables us to analyze communications and feelings between individuals. The model for two people interactions is known as: a) b) c) d) e) interactional analysis; Freudian communication analysis; feedback communication model; sociogram analysis none of these

When a noxious stimulus (such as a bad odor) is withheld when the results are good, this is called: a) b) c) d) e) positive reinforcement; punishment; learning; negative reinforcement none of these

Taking away certain organizational privileges from a manager who has a poor performance record could be thought of as __________ him or her: a) b) a) c) d) punishing; positively reinforcing; negatively reinforcing; any of these depending on the particular circumstances; none of these

Identifying critical performance behaviors is the beginning point for behavioral management and modification. Which of the following is NOT a directly measurable performance behavior? a) b) c) d) e) absenteeism; promptness; customer complaints; bad attitude; none of these
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605 Test Bank Rev. B The exchange theory of group formation is based on: a) b) c) d) e) reward-cost outcomes; reciprocal agreements; giving part of oneself; economic motivation; simple liking of one another

The most accurate description of a reference group is: a) b) c) d) e) the group to which an individual actually belongs; the group with which an individual identifies; a clustering of individuals holding prevailing values; the group which is subordinate or marginal to the one the individual is in; the group that wants to associate with yours

Formal organizations usually have informal organizations within them that act to: a) b) c) d) e) fulfill task needs of members; cut down on socializing; influence output; structure the group's time; set the conformity rules

What is a practical benefit that the formal organization can derive from the informal organization? a) b) c) d) e) it can it can it can it can all of lighten the work load of the formal manager; fill in the gaps of the formal manager's abilities; give satisfaction and stability to work groups; help ease tensions between managers and subordinates; these

The basic reason that people form into groups is their seeking: (?????) a) b) c) d) e) economic security; physical security; social relationships; social esteem; any of these depending on circumstances

Norms will be strongly enforced by work groups if they: (?????) a) b) c) d) e) create conflict among individuals; embarrass group members; cause the group to fail; reflect the preferences of supervisors; none of these

The best guideline on how to overcome the adverse effects of groupthink would be: a) b) c) d) free expression of unpopular views should be discouraged; only popular issues should be addressed; minority viewpoints should be encouraged; the cons of an issue should be minimized;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B e) any of these could work depending on the circumstances Exchange theory in group formation assumes that: a) each potential members rewards must be greater than costs for group formation to occur; b) all group members must have equal status; c) all group members must be task oriented; d) motivation to participate must be strong; e) none of these Groupthink is present when: there is an illusion of group invulnerability; group members ignore moral issues; people inwardly oppose the decision; the group is aware that it is working on matters beyond their ability to deal with them individually; e) none of these a) b) c) d) What is the WORST way to utilize groups if you want to enhance satisfaction and performance? a) b) c) d) e) distributing resources on an individual basis; promoting inter-group rivalry; encouraging group involvement off-the-job; allowing groups to select, train, and reward members; all of these are bad

Which of the following is a reason why project teams are becoming increasingly popular? a) b) c) d) e) advanced information and other technologies; concern for total quality of the project and its results; emphasis on learning and sharing of knowledge; all of these; none of these

Which of the following factors increases group cohesiveness more than the others? a) b) c) d) e) intergroup competition; large group size; disagreement on goals; unpleasant experiences recognition of the individuals within the group who contribute more than the others

During what stage of group development do the members begin to develop high cohesion? a) b) c) d) e) forming; norming; performing; adjourning; cohering

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605 Test Bank Rev. B In wartime, leaders want production groups to keep their focus on supplying the men and women at war. What is the best way to whip up enthusiasm for the war so that they increase their production efforts: a) b) c) d) e) stress the heroes and victories of the men and women at the battlefield; keep everything about the war in low profile and out of public discussion; provide social and monetary rewards to the workers; stress sacrifice and higher order moral considerations; make the workers feel they are the gears in a big production machine

In informal team member roles, the "challengers" role (or devils advocate) is 1) to question the team's goals, methods, or other ideas and 2) to disagree with the leader or higher authority and pose challenges to their ideas Regarding these two statements: a) b) c) d) e) both statements are true; the first is true and the second is false; the first is false and the second is true; both statements are false; sometimes they are true and sometimes they are false

A successful group makes maximum use of its information base resources by making sure that: a) b) c) d) e) all the members are motivated to share their knowledge; all the members communicate with one another freely and openly; the members have information base resources to share; there is reasonable cohesion among the members; all of these

Theory Z describes: a) a conceptual basis for merging American and Japanese management practices that is somewhat of an extension of Theory X-Y; b) a merger of economic and human behavior analyses; c) human resource training and motivating; d) character analysis principles; e) all of these Structuralism, when used in the context of creative thinking, most specifically refers to the interference of idea transfers between the: a) b) c) d) e) left and right brain segments; conscious and unconscious mind levels; conscious and pre-conscious mind levels; cognitive and limbic regions of the brain; between all levels of brain activity

What is the least desirable way to win a negotiation transaction session? a) b) c) d) e) lose-lose; win-lose; win-win; any of these is undesirable depending on circumstances; none of these apply to negotiations.
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605 Test Bank Rev. B A withdrawn, shy person whose boss expects him or her to aggressively make door-to-door sales of the company's product is most likely to experience: a) internal conflict between his job feelings and his internal payoff feelings; b) external conflict between his personality and his role; c) internal conflict between his personality needs and the role he has to play to keep his job; d) any of these depending on the particular circumstances of the job; e) none of these apply to this situation When faced with two conflicting choices of action, cognitive dissonance theory would predict that: a) b) c) d) e) an individual has a need to reduce the dissonance and will behave accordingly; an individual will actively seek ways to negate his choice of action; an individual will completely avoid any choice of action; cognitions do not play a part in choice behavior; the individual will act so as to increase his dissonance

Negotiation: a) b) c) d) e) can help resolve conflict; can be a managerial skill for personal success; can be a managerial skill for organizational success; all of these; none of these

Job stress can interfere with creative thinking because it causes the mind to: a) fire too few neurons so that the transfer of ideas from different parts of the brain is reduced; b) fire too many neurons so that it causes a flooding of the conscious mind and ideas are not recognized; c) fire a large number of neurons so that it generates too many great ideas to record before they are forgotten; d) causes structuralism; e) causes dietary deficiencies so that the brains nourishment is reduced Which of the following strategies could an organization employ in trying to reduce job stress? a) b) c) d) e) job enrichment; career planning; role clarification; guaranteed employment; all of these

Which of the following behaviors associated with the Type A behavior pattern currently are believed to be most closely linked to heart problems? a) b) c) d) e) workaholism; competitiveness; anger and hostility; long hours; all of these are equally linked

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605 Test Bank Rev. B What is the term that best expresses the ability of a manager to get an individual or group to get something done at the place of work: a) b) c) d) e) power; influence; authority; leadership; collegiality

What is the term that best expresses the right to manipulate or change others at the place of work: a) b) c) d) e) power; influence; authority; leadership; collegiality

Chairman Mao Tse Tung of the Peoples Republic of China is said to have uttered the following: Power comes from the point of a gun. This type of is: a) b) c) d) e) expert power; referent power; legitimate power; coercive power; collegial power

The power that comes from a person having a specific skill or specific knowledge is known as: a) b) c) d) e) collegial power; referent power; legitimate power; coercive power; expert power

The young people who are working for the presidential candidates have a high level of identification with, admiration of, or respect for the candidate. That candidate has what kind of power over the people: a) b) c) d) e) collegial power; referent power; legitimate power; coercive power; expert power

A professor who attracts groupies" and other admirers is an example of what kind of power: a) b) c) d) e) expert; referent; legitimate; coercive; collegial.

In order to possess expert power, the agent should have which of the following attributes?

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605 Test Bank Rev. B a) b) c) d) e) credibility; trustworthiness; relevance; all of these; something else that is not listed here

What classical organizational principle, set down by Henri Fayol, does the matrix organization design most directly violate? a) b) c) d) e) unity of command; impersonal relationship; decentralization; functional departmentalization; any of these

What element is crucial to effective interpersonal communication whereby the sender can check on how the message was actually interpreted? a) b) c) d) e) repetition; feedback; redundancy; noise reduction; sensory receptivity

The dimensions of Blake and Mouton's managerial grid are marked in terms of concern for: a) b) c) d) e) production vs. effectiveness; production vs. tasks; production vs. people; people vs. effectiveness; efficiency vs. people

In general, when you measure something, you change it. That comes from physics theory. However, in the world of the behavioral sciences, measuring something or monitoring it does not necessarily change it. The effect whereby a situation returns to normal (or near normal) even though you continue measuring it is called: a) b) c) d) e) Heisenberg Principle; Werner Principle; Sociological Principle; Observer Effect; Sociogram Effect.

Nonverbal communication transmits its message through: a) b) c) d) e) body language; the environment chosen for the communication; the medium of communication; the relative positions of the individuals involved; all of these.

Nonverbal communication can be defined as: a) non-word human responses (such as gestures and facial expressions);

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605 Test Bank Rev. B b) the perceived characteristics of the environment through which the human verbal and nonverbal messages are transmitted; c) both a and b; d) neither a nor b; e) a more important aspect not mentioned here. Of the following, what is the best reason supporting a middle manager's use of the informal communication system such as the grapevine? a) the need to resolve a cross-functional conflict; b) the need to substantiate a rumor concerning a new employee; c) the need get the word down for some faster service from a lower-level employee in another department; d) the need to solve the problem of where to make a budget cut; e) none of these. What studies are usually recognized as the first to scientifically research what effect styles of leadership have on a group? a) b) c) d) e) Iowa studies; Ohio State studies; Early Michigan studies; Army studies; none of these was the first such study

"Satisficing" in decision making refers to: a) b) c) d) e) when the needs are satisfied, make the decision; wide range rationality model; uses the marginal formula MC=MR to calculate a satisficing decision; making a simulation of a decision and checking its applicability; none of these.

Which of the following is the biggest advantage of the participative technique for decision making? a) it is less time consuming than other methods; b) employee suggestions are usually expressions of problems they personally have with the company; c) individuals can make a meaningful contribution to the attainment of organizational objectives; d) it makes the subordinates think they are contributing even if management has no intention of using their results; e) none of these The key to the success of the Delphi technique lies in its use of: a) b) c) d) e) a panel of experts defending their vested positions; a completely scientific approach to decision making; time and cost reduction techniques; keeping the responses of panel members anonymous; all of these.

Which of the following factors best points to the source of creative thinking?

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605 Test Bank Rev. B a) b) c) d) e) unconscious idea generation; preconscious cluster formation in the brain; cognitive dissonance; left-brain/right brain operations; sensory acceptance of outside heuristics

In behavioral decision making, heuristics refers to: a) b) c) d) e) simplifying strategies or rules of thumb; mathematical equations; logarithmic programming; rote memory; left-right brain thinking

When a person feels like blowing off because he or she feels emotional turmoil inside, but cant because this is not considered good behavior at work, the possible result is: a) b) c) d) e) the person becomes internally stressed; the person builds up feelings that can erupt in a very damaging overall blast; psychosomatic illness; physiologic illness; all of these

In predicting how people will react to a speech and the image they will form of the speaker, one of the things that have to be analyzed is the: a) b) c) d) e) Blake-Mouton variables; Johari Window variables; Vroom variables; Karen Horney habitual response variables; all of these.

The setting of a goal level for production on an assembly line is a: a) b) c) d) e) totally random choice; social processaffected by co-workers; totally lone-wolf process--we choose something better than we accomplished before; elements of two of these; elements of all three of these

You sell a form of consumer insurance which you know to be worthless; you must, for a variety of reasons, keep the job. How would you reconcile your feelings and keep selling: a) b) c) d) e) change your goals to match those of the company; allow yourself to be inspired by sales meetings; think of the consumer as being pretty stupid to fall for this junky product; change your ideas about whats good and whats bad insurance; any or all of these

Harry Harlow investigated: a) b) c) d) stimulus-response learning models); effects of reward and punishment in creating outcomes; the effects of equity in motivating company employees; Hygiene vs. Motivator factors at work;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B e) what happens when monkeys are deprived of their mothers or given surrogate mothers

Making a judgement of a persons qualification based upon his or her appearance is an example of: a) b) c) d) e) stereotyping; attribution of traits in the image; charisma; accomplishment stimuli; self-concept

A person taking an exam whose mind goes into panic mode is really: a) activating too many neuron connections that generate unwanted messages to the conscious mind; b) activating too few neuron connections that generate too few needed ideas going to the conscious mind; c) creating synapses that reduce synaptic resistance; d) generating ideas in the unconscious mind; e) going into any of several different synaptic modes Allowing a student who is learning the guitar to hold it incorrectly at the beginning: a) will facilitate his learning the correct way later on when he realizes how it interferes with his playing; b) gives him a chance to develop a unique style that might become recognized as correct when he becomes famous; c) can be expected to become painful so that he will become more motivated to learn to hold it properly; d) will make it more difficult for him to later learn the correct way later; e) all of these A communications network reveals: a) b) c) d) e) the flow of power in a group; the lines of communications in a group; the degree of cohesiveness in a group; the influence of individuals in the group; all of these

In ongoing-perception, we tend to do the following: a) not see how a person changes even when he does; b) not notice someone with whom we are familiar even if they are doing something new or different; c) be lazy when it comes to evaluating someone and thus think they are just like us; d) assume that people will react to situations just like we will; e) all of these A group leader, who is worried about her own faults in communication, and not very confident of her own abilities, is most readily likely to employ which mode of communication with the group: a) two way; b) two way with feedback; c) one way;
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605 Test Bank Rev. B d) one way with feedback; e) will block all communications with everyone Brainwashing is changing the way the brain forms its attitude toward particular people, places, or things in a manner that is: a) b) c) d) e) cumulative and slowover a period of time; a rapid, shock treatment; a form of freeze, unfreeze, refreeze applied to brain processes; a legitimate attitude reassignment over time; none of these.

The model which predicts the level of group performance is dependent on three elements: a) resources available to the group; application of the resources; network intra-communications; b) resources available to the group; allocation of the resources to members; agreement is reached on the applications; c) application of the resources to the task; the resources available to the group; agreement is reached on application; d) communication structure of the group; application of the resources; agreement is reached on resources; e) none of these. In deciding who to include in a group, look for their ties to one another and pick the people who: (?????) a) b) c) d) e) are very, very good friends; hate each other; who are competitive and try to outdo each other to make the most contribution; know and respect each others competence; include at least one person who will generally know all the answers so as to prevent the group from coming up with nothing

B.F. Skinner introduced the idea that the way to teach new things to animals or people is to: a) atomize the material into tiny bits and punish the learner when he fails to get the right answers to questions on each bit; b) break the material into chunks and then ask questions that branch the learner into different areas depending on how right or wrong his response is; c) break the material into very small chunks and provide a psychic reward for getting the right answers to question about it; d) provide loads of questions at the end of the learning assignment and make sure that teachers or other learning authorities provide structural rewards for good learners; e) any of these Organizational structuralism results in: a) b) c) d) e) individuals in a group accepting ideas only from within their own areas; individuals in a group viewing ideas as personal threats; management rejecting ideas because they were N.I.H. (not invented here); the company as a whole rejecting new ideas because they fall outside of the old patterns; all of these

Rensis Likert developed:

605 Test Bank Rev. B a) b) c) d) e) Linking pin theory; four classifications of leadership styles; both a and b; production vs. authority considerations; neither a nor b;

If you are supervising a group of 20 engineers who are actively working with you as well as each other, how many channels of communication must you theoretically have open at any time? a) b) c) d) e) 20; 40; 80; 160; more than 160

To make a join between the Universe of Challenges and the Universe of Responses, there have to be at least a: a) b) c) d) e) payoff and a force field to push the join; motivation and an information base; motivation and payoff; information base and payoff; presence of all three items in the model

The Aristotle model of behavior is a useful one to know because it helps explain how dictators or others who want to brand someone: a) b) c) d) e) achieve command positions; classify people they want to brand in a special way; exercise their authority to implement changes; all of these depending on circumstances; none of these.

A sociogram is used to detect: a) b) c) d) e) problems in the problems in the problems in the problems in the none of these. creative process; hierarchical process; motivational process; personality;

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