C4

VECTORS

Worksheet A

G D

H E A

I F B C

The diagram shows three sets of equally-spaced parallel lines. Given that AC = p and that AD = q, express the following vectors in terms of p and q. a CA g 2 O C In the quadrilateral shown, OA = u, AB = v and OC = w. Find expressions in terms of u, v and w for a OB 3 A D E H The diagram shows a cuboid. Given that AB = p, AD = q and AE = r, find expressions in terms of p, q and r for a BC 4 O b AF R T c
DE AH

b AG h DC A B

c i

AB CG

d DF j
IA

HE

f l

AF IB

k EC

b AC

c CB B C F G

d AG S

e GB

BH

The diagram shows parallelogram ORST. Given that OR = a + 2b and that OT = a 2b, a find expressions in terms of a and b for i
OS

ii TR

Given also that OA = a and that OB = b, b copy the diagram and show the positions of the points A and B. Solomon Press

C4 5

VECTORS A C O D B

Worksheet A continued

The diagram shows triangle OAB in which OA = a and OB = b. The points C and D are the mid-points of OA and AB respectively. a Find and simplify expressions in terms of a and b for i
OC

ii AB

iii AD

iv OD

v CD

b Explain what your expression for CD tells you about OB and CD . 6 Given that vectors p and q are not parallel, state whether or not each of the following pairs of vectors are parallel. a 2p and 3p d (p 2q) and (4q 2p) 7 b (p + 2q) and (2p 4q) e ( 3 p + q) and (6p + 8q) 4 c (3p q) and (p
1 3

q)

f (2q 3p) and ( 3 q p) 2

The points O, A, B and C are such that OA = 4m, OB = 4m + 2n and OC = 2m + 3n, where m and n are non-parallel vectors. a Find an expression for BC in terms of m and n. The point M is the mid-point of OC. b Show that AM is parallel to BC.

The points O, A, B and C are such that OA = 6u 4v, OB = 3u v and OC = v 3u, where u and v are non-parallel vectors. The point M is the mid-point of OA and the point N is the point on AB such that AN : NB = 1 : 2 a Find OM and ON . b Prove that C, M and N are collinear.

Given that vectors p and q are not parallel, find the values of the constants a and b such that a ap + 3q = 5p + bq c 4aq p = bp 2q b (2p + aq) + (bp 4q) = 0 d (2ap + bq) (aq 6p) = 0 A C O D B

10

The diagram shows triangle OAB in which OA = a and OB = b. The point C is the mid-point of OA and the point D is the mid-point of BC. a Find an expression for OD in terms of a and b. b Show that if the point E lies on AB then OE can be written in the form a + k(b a), where k is a constant. Given also that OD produced meets AB at E, c find OE , d show that AE : EB = 2 : 1 Solomon Press

C4
1

VECTORS

Worksheet B

The points A, B and C have coordinates (6, 1), (2, 3) and (4, 3) respectively and O is the origin. Find, in terms of i and j, the vectors a OA b AB c
BC

d CA

Given that p = i 3j and q = 4i + 2j, find expressions in terms of i and j for a 4p b qp

c 2p + 3q

d 4p 2q

Given that p = and q = , find 4 2 a |p| b | 2q | c | p + 2q | d | 3q 2p |

Given that p = 2i + j and q = i 3j, find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the angle made with the vector i by the vector a p b q c 5p + q d p 3q

Find a unit vector in the direction a 3

b 24

c 1

d 4

Find a vector a of magnitude 26 in the direction 5i + 12j, b of magnitude 15 in the direction 6i 8j, c of magnitude 5 in the direction 2i 4j.

Given that m = 2i + j and n = i 5j, find the values of and such that a m + n = 3i j b 2m n = 3i + 8j

Given that r = 6i + cj, where c is a positive constant, find the value of c such that a r is parallel to the vector 2i + j c | r | = 10 b r is parallel to the vector 9i 6j d |r|= 3 5

Given that p = i + 3j and q = 4i 2j, a find the values of a and b such that ap + bq = 5i + 13j, b find the value of c such that cp + q is parallel to the vector j, c find the value of d such that p + dq is parallel to the vector 3i j.

10

Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors and respectively. 6 2 Find a the vector AB , b AB , c the position vector of the mid-point of AB, d the position vector of the point C such that OABC is a parallelogram. Solomon Press

C4 11

VECTORS

Worksheet B continued

Given the coordinates of the points A and B, find the length AB in each case. a A (4, 0, 9), B (2, 3, 3) b A (11, 3, 5), B (7, 1, 3)

12

Find the magnitude of each vector. a 4i + 2j 4k b i+j+k c 8i j + 4k d 3i 5j + k

13

Find a a unit vector in the direction 5i 2j + 14k, b a vector of magnitude 10 in the direction 2i + 11j 10k, c a vector of magnitude 20 in the direction 5i 4j + 2k.

14 15

Given that r = i + 12j 4k, find the two possible values of such that | r | = 14. Given that p = 3 , q = 2 and r = 5 , find as column vectors,
1 1 3 1 4 2

a p + 2q 16

b pr

c p+q+r

d 2p 3q + r

Given that r = 2i + j + k, find the values of and such that a r is parallel to 4i + 2j 8k b r is parallel to 5i + 20j 10k

17

Given that p = i 2j + 4k, q = i + 2j + 2k and r = 2i 4j 7k, a find | 2p q |, b find the value of k such that p + kq is parallel to r.

18

Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors (2i + 7j + 4k), (4i + j + 8k) and (6i 5j) respectively. a Find the position vector of the mid-point of AB. b Find the position vector of the point D on AC such that AD : DC = 3 : 1

19

Given that r = i 2j + k, and that r is parallel to the vector (2i 4j 3k), a show that 3 + 2 = 0. Given also that | r | = 2 29 and that > 0, b find the values of and .
6 4 12 4 6 8

20

Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors 2 , 7 and 1 respectively. a Find the position vector of the point M, the mid-point of BC. b Show that O, A and M are collinear.

21

The position vector of a model aircraft at time t seconds is (9 t)i + (1 + 2t)j + (5 t)k, relative to a fixed origin O. One unit on each coordinate axis represents 1 metre. a Find an expression for d 2 in terms of t, where d metres is the distance of the aircraft from O. b Find the value of t when the aircraft is closest to O and hence, the least distance of the aircraft from O. Solomon Press

C4
1

VECTORS
Sketch each line on a separate diagram given its vector equation. a r = 2i + sj d r = 3j + s(3i j) b r = s(i + j) e r = 4i + 2j + s(2i j)

Worksheet C

c r = i + 4j + s(i + 2j) f r = (2s + 1)i + (3s 2)j

Write down a vector equation of the straight line a parallel to the vector (3i 2j) which passes through the point with position vector (i + j), b parallel to the x-axis which passes through the point with coordinates (0, 4), c parallel to the line r = 2i + t(i + 5j) which passes through the point with coordinates (3, 1).

Find a vector equation of the straight line which passes through the points with position vectors a and 0 1
1 3

b and 4 1

c and 2 3

Find the value of the constant c such that line with vector equation r = 3i j + (ci + 2j) a passes through the point (0, 5), b is parallel to the line r = 2i + 4j + (6i + 3j).

Find a vector equation for each line given its cartesian equation. a x = 1 d y=
3 4

b y = 2x e y=5
1 2

c y = 3x + 1 x f x 4y + 8 = 0

x2

A line has the vector equation r = 2i + j + (3i + 2j). a Write down parametric equations for the line. b Hence find the cartesian equation of the line in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.

Find a cartesian equation for each line in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers. a r = 3i + (i + 2j) d r = 2i + j + (5i + 2j) b r = i + 4j + (3i + j) e r = 2i 3j + (3i + 4j) c r = 2j + (4i j) f r = ( + 3)i + (2 1)j

For each pair of lines, determine with reasons whether they are identical, parallel but not identical or not parallel. a r = + s 2 1 r = + t 3 2
2 6 1 3

b r = + s 4 2 r = + t 1 4
2 4

c r = + s 5 4 r = + t 6 1
1 3

Find the position vector of the point of intersection of each pair of lines. a r = i + 2j + i r = 2i + j + (3i + j) d r = i + 5j + (4i + 6j) r = 2i 2j + (i + 2j) b r = 4i + j + (i + j) r = 5i 2j + (2i 3j) c r = j + (2i j) r = 2i + 10j + (i + 3j)

e r = 2i + 11j + (3i + 4j) f r = i + 2j + (3i + 2j) r = 3i 7j + (5i + 3j) r = 3i + 5j + (i + 4j) Solomon Press

C4 10

VECTORS Write down a vector equation of the straight line

Worksheet C continued

a parallel to the vector (i + 3j 2k) which passes through the point with position vector (4i + k), b perpendicular to the xy-plane which passes through the point with coordinates (2, 1, 0), c parallel to the line r = 3i j + t(2i 3j + 5k) which passes through the point with coordinates (1, 4, 2). 11 The points A and B have position vectors (5i + j 2k) and (6i 3j + k) respectively. a Find AB in terms of i, j and k. b Write down a vector equation of the straight line l which passes through A and B. c Show that l passes through the point with coordinates (3, 9, 8). 12 Find a vector equation of the straight line which passes through the points with position vectors a (i + 3j + 4k) and (5i + 4j + 6k) c 0 and (6i j + 2k) 13 b (3i 2k) and (i + 5j + 2k) d (i 2j + 3k) and (4i 7j + k)

Find the value of the constants a and b such that line r = 3i 5j + k + (2i + aj + bk) a passes through the point (9, 2, 8), b is parallel to the line r = 4j 2k + (8i 4j + 2k).

14

Find cartesian equations for each of the following lines. a r = 3 + 5

b r = 1 + 6
3 3

c r = 5 + 2
2 1

15

Find a vector equation for each line given its cartesian equations. a
x 1 3

y+4 2

=z5

x 4

y 1 2

z+7 3

x+5 4

=y+3=z

16

Show that the lines with vector equations r = 4i + 3k + s(i 2j + 2k) and r = 7i + 2j 5k + t(3i + 2j + k) intersect, and find the coordinates of their point of intersection. Show that the lines with vector equations r = 2i j + 4k + (i + j + 3k) and r = i + 4j + 3k + (i 2j + k) are skew. For each pair of lines, find the position vector of their point of intersection or, if they do not intersect, state whether they are parallel or skew. a r = 1 + 1 and r = 2 + 0
5 1 4 2 4 4 8 4 4 3 1 2 2 8 3 4 3 1

17 18

b r = 3 + 1 and r = 2 + 2
1 3 1 7 5 6 2 3 5 3 1 2 1 2

c r = 2 + 3 and r = 2 + 3
2 3 3 1 5 4

d r = 5 + 4 and r = 6 + 1
0 2 6 8 12 11

e r = 1 + 5 and r = 2 + 3

f r = 7 + 4 and r = 1 + 2

Solomon Press

C4
1

VECTORS
Calculate a (i + 2j).(3i + j) b (4i j).(3i + 5j)

Worksheet D

c (i 2j).(5i 2j)

2 3

Show that the vectors (i + 4j) and (8i 2j) are perpendicular. Find in each case the value of the constant c for which the vectors u and v are perpendicular. a u = , v = 1 3
3 c

b u = , v = 1 c

c u= , v= 5 4

Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the angle between the vectors a (4i 3j) and (8i + 6j) b (7i + j) and (2i + 6j) c (4i + 2j) and (5i + 2j)

5 6

Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors (9i + j), (3i j) and (5i 2j) respectively. Show that ABC = 45. Calculate a (i + 2j + 4k).(3i + j + 2k) c (5i + 2k).(i + 4j 3k) e (3i 7j + k).(9i + 4j k) b (6i 2j + 2k).(i 3j k) d (3i + 2j 8k).(i + 11j 4k) f (7i 3j).(3j + 6k)

Given that p = 2i + j 3k, q = i + 5j k and r = 6i 2j 3k, a find the value of p.q, b find the value of p.r, c verify that p.(q + r) = p.q + p.r

Simplify a p.(q + r) + p.(q r) b p.(q + r) + q.(r p)

9 10 11

Show that the vectors (5i 3j + 2k) and (3i + j 6k) are perpendicular. Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A, B and C have position vectors (3i + 4j 6k), (i + 5j 2k) and (8i + 3j + 2k) respectively. Show that ABC = 90. Find in each case the value or values of the constant c for which the vectors u and v are perpendicular. a u = (2i + 3j + k), c u = (ci 2j + 8k), v = (ci 3j + k) v = (ci + cj 3k) b u = (5i + 3j + 2k), d u = (3ci + 2j + ck), v = (ci j + 3ck) v = (5i 4j + 2ck)

12

Find the exact value of the cosine of the angle between the vectors a 2 and 1
2 4 1 8

b 1 and 3
2 6

c 2 and 7
1 2

d 3 and 4
4 1

13

Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the angle between the vectors a (3i 4k) and (7i 4j + 4k) c (6i 2j 9k) and (3i + j + 4k) b (2i 6j + 3k) and (i 3j k) d (i + 5j 3k) and (3i 4j + 2k) Solomon Press

C4 14

VECTORS

Worksheet D continued

The points A (7, 2, 2), B (1, 6, 3) and C (3, 1, 2) are the vertices of a triangle. a Find BA and BC in terms of i, j and k. b Show that ABC = 82.2 to 1 decimal place. c Find the area of triangle ABC to 3 significant figures.

15

Relative to a fixed origin, the points A, B and C have position vectors (3i 2j k), (4i + 3j 2k) and (2i j) respectively. a Find the exact value of the cosine of angle BAC. b Hence show that the area of triangle ABC is 3 2 .

16

Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the acute angle between each pair of lines. a r=
1 3 1 7 5

4 4 2 1 3

and r =

5 2 1

8 0 6 2 3

b r=

0 3 7 2 9

6 1 18 4 7

and r =

4 6 3 11 2

4 12 3 5 8

c r = 1 + 1 and r = 6 + 5
3

d r = 3 + 6 and r = 1 + 1

17

Relative to a fixed origin, the points A and B have position vectors (5i + 8j k) and (6i + 5j + k) respectively. a Find a vector equation of the straight line l1 which passes through A and B. The line l2 has the equation r = 4i 3j + 5k + (5i + j 2k). b Show that lines l1 and l2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of intersection. c Find, in degrees, the acute angle between lines l1 and l2.

18

Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the acute angle between the lines with cartesian equations
x2 3

y 2

z+5 6

and

x4 4

y +1 7

z 3 . 4

19

The line l has the equation r = 7i 2k + (2i j + 2k) and the line m has the equation r = 4i + 7j 6k + (5i 4j 2k). a Find the coordinates of the point A where lines l and m intersect. b Find, in degrees, the acute angle between lines l and m. The point B has coordinates (5, 1, 4). c Show that B lies on the line l. d Find the distance of B from m.

20

Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors (9i + 6j) and (11i + 5j + k) respectively. a Show that for all values of , the point C with position vector (9 + 2)i + (6 )j + k lies on the straight line l which passes through A and B. b Find the value of for which OC is perpendicular to l. c Hence, find the position vector of the foot of the perpendicular from O to l.

21

Find the coordinates of the point on each line which is closest to the origin. a r = 4i + 2j + 7k + (i + 3j 4k) b r = 7i + 11j 9k + (6i 9j + 3k)

Solomon Press

C4
1

VECTORS
Relative to a fixed origin, the line l has vector equation r = i 4j + pk + (2i + qj 3k), where is a scalar parameter. Given that l passes through the point with position vector (7i j k), a find the values of the constants p and q,

Worksheet E

(3) (4)

b find, in degrees, the acute angle l makes with the line with equation r = 3i + 4j 3k + (4i + 5j 2k). 2 The points A and B have position vectors 6 and 0 respectively, relative to a
4 6 1 5

fixed origin. a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l which passes through A and B. The line m has equation r = 5 + t 4 .
3 2 5 1

(2)

Given that lines l and m intersect at the point C, b find the position vector of C, c show that C is the mid-point of AB. 3 Relative to a fixed origin, the points P and Q have position vectors (5i 2j + 2k) and (3i + j) respectively. a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line L1 which passes through P and Q. The line L2 has equation r = 4i + 6j k + (5i j + 3k). b Show that lines L1 and L2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of intersection. c Find, in degrees to 1 decimal place, the acute angle between lines L1 and L2. 4 Relative to a fixed origin, the lines l1 and l2 have vector equations as follows: l1 : l2 : r = 5i + k + (2i j + 2k), r = 7i 3j + 7k + (i + j 2k), (6) (4) (2) (5) (2)

where and are scalar parameters. a Show that lines l1 and l2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of intersection. The points A and C lie on l1 and the points B and D lie on l2. Given that ABCD is a parallelogram and that A has position vector (9i 2j + 5k), b find the position vector of C. Given also that the area of parallelogram ABCD is 54, c find the distance of the point B from the line l1. Solomon Press (4) (3) (6)

C4 5

VECTORS

Worksheet E continued

Relative to a fixed origin, the points A and B have position vectors (4i + 2j 4k) and (2i j + 2k) respectively. a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l1 which passes through A and B. The line l2 passes through the point C with position vector (4i 7j k) and is parallel to the vector (6j 2k). b Write down, in vector form, an equation of the line l2. c Show that A lies on l2. d Find, in degrees, the acute angle between lines l1 and l2. (1) (2) (4) (2)

The points A and B have position vectors 1 and 1 respectively, relative to a

fixed origin O. a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l which passes through A and B. The line l intersects the y-axis at the point C. b Find the coordinates of C. The point D on the line l is such that OD is perpendicular to l. c Find the coordinates of D. d Find the area of triangle OCD, giving your answer in the form k 5 . 7 Relative to a fixed origin, the line l1 has the equation r = 6 + s 4 .
2 1 1 0

(2) (2) (5) (3)

a Show that the point P with coordinates (1, 6, 5) lies on l1. The line l2 has the equation r = 4 + t 2 ,
1 2 4 3

(1)

and intersects l1 at the point Q. b Find the position vector of Q. The point R lies on l2 such that PQ = QR. c Find the two possible position vectors of the point R. 8 Relative to a fixed origin, the points A and B have position vectors (4i + 5j + 6k) and (4i + 6j + 2k) respectively. a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l1 which passes through A and B. The line l2 has equation r = i + 5j 3k + (i + j k). b Show that l1 and l2 intersect and find the position vector of their point of intersection. c Find the acute angle between lines l1 and l2. d Show that the point on l2 closest to A has position vector (i + 3j k). Solomon Press (4) (3) (5) (2) (5) (3)

C4
1

VECTORS
The points A and B have position vectors fixed origin.
2 1 5

Worksheet F
and
0 3 4

respectively, relative to a

a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line l which passes through A and B. The line m has equation r = 5 + 3 ,
1 1 6 a

(2)

where a is a constant. Given that lines l and m intersect, b find the value of a and the coordinates of the point where l and m intersect. 2 Relative to a fixed origin, the points A, B and C have position vectors (4i + 2j k), (2i + 5j 7k) and (6i + 4j + k) respectively. a Show that cos (ABC) =
1 3

(6)

(3)

The point M is the mid-point of AC. b Find the position vector of M. c Show that BM is perpendicular to AC. d Find the size of angle ACB in degrees. 3 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors 5 and 7
3 3 9 11

(2) (3) (3)

respectively. a Find, in vector form, an equation of the line L which passes through A and B. The point C lies on L such that OC is perpendicular to L. b Find the position vector of C. c Find, to 3 significant figures, the area of triangle OAC. d Find the exact ratio of the area of triangle OAB to the area of triangle OAC. 4 Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A and B have position vectors (7i 5j k) and (4i 5j + 3k) respectively. a Find cos (AOB), giving your answer in the form k 6 , where k is an exact fraction. b Show that AB is perpendicular to OB. The point C is such that OC =
3 2

(2) (5) (3) (2)

(4) (3)

OB .

c Show that AC is perpendicular to OA. d Find the size of ACO in degrees to 1 decimal place. Solomon Press

(3) (3)