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BC Calculus Cram Sheet: Formulas

This document provides a summary of calculus formulas and concepts: 1) It lists important derivatives formulas like the product rule, quotient rule, chain rule, and derivatives of inverse functions. 2) It also covers integral formulas like integration by parts, volumes, arc length, and average value. 3) Key concepts around convergence tests, Taylor series, Euler's method, and Newton's method for finding zeros are summarized at a high level.

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Johnny Maxwell
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86 views6 pages

BC Calculus Cram Sheet: Formulas

This document provides a summary of calculus formulas and concepts: 1) It lists important derivatives formulas like the product rule, quotient rule, chain rule, and derivatives of inverse functions. 2) It also covers integral formulas like integration by parts, volumes, arc length, and average value. 3) Key concepts around convergence tests, Taylor series, Euler's method, and Newton's method for finding zeros are summarized at a high level.

Uploaded by

Johnny Maxwell
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BC Calculus Cram Sheet

Formulas Trapezoid rule: A


1 2

Chain rule: DxH f HgHxLLL = f ' HgHxLL g ' HxL Derivative of an inverse: DxI f -1 HxLM =

Dx@ f Hx0 L + 2 f Hx1 L + 2 f Hx2 L + +2 f Hxn-1 L + f Hxn LD

1 f ' I f -1 HxLM
dy

Parametric chain rule: If y = y(t) and x = x(t), then

dy dx

dt dx dt

Quotient rule: DxJ gHxL N =


f HxL

Product rule: DxH f HxL gHxLL = f HxL g ' HxL + gHxL f ' HxL
gHxL f ' HxL- f HxLg ' HxL @gHxLD2

Integration by parts: u v = uv - v u Polar area: A =


1 b 2 r 2 a

q = ky y = C ekx
A I1+C e-Akx M

Exponential growth: Logistic growth:


dy dx

dy dx

= kyHA - yL y =
right endpoint

Volumes by disks: V = pleft endpoint HradiusL2 xHor dyL Volumes by washers: V = pleft endpoint AHoutside radiusL2 - Hinside radiusL2 E x Hor dyL
right endpoint

CramSheet.nb

Volumes with known cross sections: V = left endpoint Hcross sectional areaL xHor dyL
right endpoint

Average value of f on [a, b]: A.V.= cos2 x = sin2 x = Arc Length Regular: Parametric: Polar: 1 + J dx N x
dy 2 1 2 1 2

H1 + cos 2 xL

b 1 b-a a

f HxL x

H1 - cos 2 xL

I dt M + J dt N t
dx 2 dy 2

r2 + I dq M q
dr 2

Note: This can also be derived from parametric

using parameter q, where x = r cosq and y = r sinq Extreme Value Theorem If f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists an x1 and an x2 on [a, b] such that f Hx1 L is the maximum value of f on [a, b] and f Hx2 L is the minimum value of f on @a, bD. In English, if f is a continuous fucn tion on a closed interval then f has a maximum and a minimum value some where on that closed interval. Note: The maximum and minimum values will occur at the critical points or at the endpoints.

CramSheet.nb

or at the endpoints.

Mean Value Theorem If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous on [a, b] then there exists a c on f ' (c) =
f HbL - f HaL b-a

[a,b] such that

In words, there is at least one place on the graph of f where the slope of the tangent line to the graph is equal to the slope of the secant line through the endpoints of the interval. Definitions Derivative at a point: f ' (a) = limh0
f Ha+hL- f HaL h f Hx+hL- f HxL h

Definition of derivative: f ' (x) = limh0 Maclaurin and Taylor Series

Taylor Series of Degree n for x near 0 (Maclaurin series) f(x) ~ Pn HxL = f(0) + f ' (0) x +

f '' H0L 2!

x2 +

f ''' H0L 3!

x3 +

f H4L H0L 4!

x4 + . . . +

f HnL H0L n!

xn +...

Taylor series of degree n for x near a. f(x) ~ Pn HxL = f(a) + f ' (a)(x-a) +

f '' HaL 2!

Hx - aL2 + . . . +

f HnL HaL n!

Hx - aLn +. . .

CramSheet.nb

Specific Taylor Series ex = 1 + x + cos x = 1 sin x = x x2 2! x3 3! x2 2!

+
x4 4!

x3 3!

+
x6 6!

x4 4!

+ [converges for all x]


x8 8!

- [converges for all x]

x5 5!

x7 7!

x9 9!

- [converges for all x] x2 +


pH p-1L H p-2L 3!

(1 + xL p = 1 + px +

pH p-1L 2!

x3 + [binomial series,

converges for -1 < x < 1] ln x = (x - 1) Tests for Convergence Ratio Test If S an is a series with positive terms such that limn then if L < 1, the series converges if L > 1, the series diverges if L = 1, test fails, use another test Alternating Series Test A series of the form a0 - a1 + a2 - a3 + +H-1Ln an + with an 0 for all n converges if an+1 < an for all nand limn an = 0.
an+1 an Hx-1L2 2

Hx-1L3 3

Hx-4L4 4

+ [converges for 0 x 2]

= L

p-series The series n=1


1 converges np

if p > 1 and diverges if p 1

CramSheet.nb

The Integral Test Let San be a series with positive terms. Suppose that an = f HnL, where f is a continuous, posidereasing function of f for all x N (N a psotive integer). an and the integral N f HxL xeither both converge or both diverge.

tive, n=N

Then the series

Error Bounds Alternating Series Test Error Bound The error in approximation of an alternating series H-1Ln+1 an is given by Rn < an+1 n=1 tude of In words: In a convergent alternating series with terms of decreasing absolute value, the magnithe error is bounded by the first omitted term. Lagrange Error Bound If M is the maximum absolute value of f Hn+1L HxLon the interval between a and x, then the nthTaylor polynomial that approximates f(x) has a remainder (error) bounded as follows Rn
M x-a n+1 Hn+1L!

degree

Euler's Method for solving a solving a differential equation numerically The concept behind Euler's method is that we are using the slope field as sign posts and approximating solution using local linearization. So, given a step size (Dx) and a starting point P0 Hx0 , y0 Lwe can

the

CramSheet.nb

approximate points on the solution curve as follows: y-value at Pn = Hy value at Pn-1 L + Dy where Dy = Hslope at Pn-1 L Dx Newton's Method for Approximating Zeros of a Function

The concpet behind Newton's method is that we choose a point close a zero, write the equation of the tangent line to the curve at that point and find where the tangent line crosses the x-axis. We now use that x value and start the process over. Usually, the x-values that result from this process rapidly approach an actual zero of y = f(x). The formula used is as follows: xn+1 = xn f Hxn L f ' Hxn L

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