CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 MOTIVATION OF THE THESIS

Physics theories such as electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear force theories are built 4-d flat minkowski spacetime.these theories are under invariant and this spacetime is assumed to be continuous. A geometry with noncommutative base manifold is not a surprising one in physics the underlying phasespace geometry of quantum mechanics is the first appearance of its kind in physics . The concept of noncommutative geometry is not in physics. The phase space of quantum mechanics has a noncommutative structure The idea that the physical spacetime could have a noncommutative structure was first conceived by Heisenberg himself although the implications was explicitly worked out by H. Synder in 1947 The motivation for this consideration is to remove certain divergences arising in quantum electrodynamics .But the idea was dropped by these early physicists since alternative mime co ordinates ethods were discovered to remove the divergences. The recent surge of interest in noncommutative spacetime is due to the prediction in string theory. Since the introduction of non communtativity in space time coordinates could

introduce at least one smallest unit of length of spacetime and impose certain cut- off limit on the spacetime variables at short length scales , the modified spacetime structure was expected to remove many of the divergences troubles that were planging the quantum field theories at that time . but the interact in noncommutative spacetime soon faded away after the invention of renormalization . Techniques to get around the divergence problems . But it h d beed zealously pursued by others for another purpose as an alternative road to the unification of gracity and quantum
1

theories , since the noncommutative structure allows to incorporate fluctuations of spacetime into quantum field theories . A large number of papers in the literature are based on the canonical commutation relation. [ ]

Each element of which is with dimension of length squared since the spacetime coordinates do not commute , two different coordinate cannot be simultaneously measured with uncertainity . In other words , the concept of spacetime points no longer holds and the points most be replaced by cells with corresponding volume of uncertainity . In a more general noncommutative structure . one may considered expand it in a power series that starts with constant . as a functions of and

To describe physical phenomena on noncommutative spaces, algebra of physical observables that take values on such spaces must be replaced by the noncommutative algebra . We can however, realise this algebra in a more elegant functional formulation by deforming the ordinary commutative product of two functions. If we define the ordinary commutative product of two functions A(X) and B(X) as A(X) and B(X) and use deformed product A(X) to distinguish the ]is B(X).The deformed product also called the Grone Wold Moyal

star product , is a non local associative and noncommutative product . The bracket [ called the Moyal bracket .

In the case of noncommutative quantum mechanics , one can extent the concept of this deformed product to include the noncommutativity between the canonically conjugate coordinates and momenta , denoting the extended star product by the symbol noncommutative structure of phasespace. The inclusion of the noncommutativity of spatial coordinates in this part is only as a check for the generality of our approach to that answer . However note that the presence of non zero destroys the rotational symmetry . , the

One interesting consequences of the introduction of noncommutative structure of space in conventional quantum mechanical system with rotational invariance is the lifting of the degeneracy associated with the rotational invariance and thereby converting a degeneracy
2

perturbation problem to a nondegenerate perturbation problem . Since the nondenegenerate perturbation thereby is easy to complications associated with the degenerate perturbation problem in the conventional quantum ,mechanics . We have explicitly shown this in the case of unharmonic oscillator problem. Organisation of the thesis: Weyl Wigner correspondence establishment a one- to one map between the quantum mechanical operators and the corresponding establishes a one- to one map

between the quantum mechanical operators and the corresponding functions in phasespace . A various possible theroies on noncommutative spaces , we had deal with the formalism of Weyl Wigner correspondence and a derivation of explicit expression for Gronewold Moyal product . further more , we briefly describe how this product is employed in the context noncommutative quantum mechanics in Hilbert space and in the context of noncommutative field theories . In IV chapter twisted Poincar has been discussed . transformation

CHAPTER-2
2.1 LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION AND SYMMETRY 2.1.1 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY The special theory deals with the problems in which one frame of reference moves with a constant linear velocity relative to another frame of reference. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. The velocity of light (c = 3X in free space is constant. It is independent of the relative motion of the

source and observer.

2.2 MINKOWSKI SPACETIME 2.2.1 SPACETIME

A point in spacetime,which is called as event, is indicated by four coordinates(ct,x,y,z) spacetime is the totally of all events.

2.2.2 SPACETIME SYMMERTRY

The invariance of a physical system represented by a Lagrangian or Hamiltonian under a group of transformation of Spacetime coordinates.

The role of symmetry in physics is important in simplifying solution to many

problems.The symmetry even helps to rule out incorrect expression for Lagrangians.

2.3 SPACETIME TRANSFORMATION 2.3.1 LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION

Consider two observes O and Oin two system S and S System Smoving with a constant velocity V relative to system S along the positive X-axis When the origins of S and S just coincide t=0, when O and O coincide. The observer O will note that the light has reached a point P(x,y,z)

The distance of the point P is given by r=ct y y P

From figure, = (1)

Similarly, the observer O will note that the light has reached the same point P in a time t with the same velocity C. So r=ct (2) (3) Since there is no motion in the y and z direction And z = z Equation (3) becomes (4) The transformation equation relating to x and x can be written as

Similarly, let us assume that

Substituting these value for xand t in equation (4) we have, (5)

Substitute these a and b values

This is Lorentz transformation equation

2.4 LORENTZ INVARIANT THEORIES 2.4.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITES

Scalar A field which is invariant under any Lorentz transformation, ie.,

Lorentz transformations are the relations between coordinates in two different inertial frames. Consider a frame S and S, that is moving along the positive x direction of the S frame with a velocity V

The Lorentz transformation

(6)

is given by (7)

using indices, and changing the order of the first two equations.

(8) The coordinates in the above equation satisfy the relation

7

(9)

This is the statement of invariance of the interval between two events: the first event is represented by (0,0,0,0) in both s and s1 , and the second event is represented by coordinates in s and

By definition , Lorentz transformation are the linear transformation of coordination that respect the equality. In general ,we write a Lorentz transformation as the linear relation

The matrix

[ ]

=(

(11)

The coefficient

are constrained by equation (9)

In index notation ,this equation requires. (12) Equation (10) twice on the RHS above gives ( Equivalently, we have the equation (14) Since must hold for all the values of the coordinates
1

)(

(13)

we find that.

Since is in fact symmetric under the exchange in the order of its indices , (15) implies .
8

This means (16) Rewrite (16) to make it ,we have ,

This can be written as the matrix equation (18) Where L-satisfy to be a Lorentz transformation . An important property of Lorentz transformation can be deduced by taking by determinant, (det Cancelling the common factor of determinant, (det L)2 = 1 The matrix L is always invertible and consequently all Lorentz transformation are invertible linear transformation. The set of Lorentz transformation includes boosts along each of the spatial coordinates (x0,x1,x2,x3) of a point transform into coordinates ( For which x0 = We have , ( ) ( ) , ). (19)

Any set of four quantities which transforms under Lorentz transformation in the same way as the do is said to be a four vector or Lorentz vector .

Taking differentials of the linear equation ( 8) , We see that the linear transformations that relate to x also relate to dx. Therefore the differentials define a Lorentz vector.

= = = =

= = = =

10

+.

][

=-* =-* =* + +

11

CHAPTER-3
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO NON -COMMUTATIVE SPACE TIME
The simplest model of a noncommutative spacetime is given by the commutation relations [ Where ] and they are elements of

are the constants of dimension

antisymmetric matrix Because of such non commutativity, the coordinates of a spacetime point cannot be precisely measured, and etc.(dont have clear meaning in such

3.2 WEYL-WIGNER CORRESPONDENCE

The basic ideas in non commutative geomentry are largely inspired by the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. In the canonical quantization

program,weyl put forward prescription to associate a classical function of phase space variables with a quantum operator. To investigate the quantum corrections of thermodynamic equilibrium. Wigner introduced the expressions that associate phase space function to the density operator. These techniques provide a systematic way to study non commutative spaces and the physical theories defined on them. therefore, in any customatory treatment of non commutative theories , these are the basic mathematical tools employed, so we provide those formalisms in this section. Let us consider a D dimensional flat space parameterized by D coordinates live

. We shall assume that all functions, possibly complex valued ,defined on this
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in an appropriate Schwartz space S

,i.e.,a function space of rapidly decreasing function

whose derivatives to orbitrary order go to zero as | | We take the algebra of functions to be commutative, with product defined by the pointwise multiplication of functions. The space S Fourier transform is a bijective map S S has the important property that the with pointwise product taken into

convolution and vice versa. Let a function A(X) be described by its Fourier transform A(X) = Where (-K) = *(K) if A(K) is real- valued. In making the transition to noncommutative space we replace the local coordinates Hermitian operators obeying the commutation relation [ Where ] =i , [ ] =0, (2) (K) , (1)

is taken to be a constant anti-symmetric matrix. We can regard (2) as the Lie

algebra of a group with elements U(K) =

(3) by is done in the Fourier

At the level of function the replacement of development(1) to get the Weyl symbol ( ) =

(4)

The Weyl symbol is Hermitian if A(X) is real valued. It is useful to rewrite (4) in terms of a mixed basis (X) for operators and functions as (X)= Where the mixed basis (X) =
13

(5)

(6)

The derivatives of operators may be defined by the commutation relations (8) [ ] (7)

Where is an antiHermitian linear derivation from (6), it follows that the functional derivative and the operator [ are related by ] (X) (8)

So the derivative of a Wely symbol (5)becomes [ ] ( ) (9)

The relation (8) implies that the translation in noncommutative space can be generated by unitary operators

in the following way :

(10)

The above property implies that the cycle trace Tr of Weyl operators is such that Tr (X) is independent of X since Tr (X + a ) . Let us choose the normalization Tr (X) = 1. (11)

Then the trace Tr of the Weyl symbol (4) is uniquely given by the integration over the full space X ,i.e., Tr ( )= The operator U (K) defined in (3) has the following properties U(K) = U (-K), U(K) U(K) = U (K + K) Tr U(K ) = Tr U(K) U(K
14

(12)

(13) , (14) (15) (16)

(K)

The property (13) is because of being Hermitian . The next property (14) is the Baker Campell Hausdorff formula . The trace property (15) is due to the (11) and (16) follows from (14) and (15) . The property (14) gives the product of mixed basis as (Y) = U(K + K) (17)

The above product (17) together with (16) leads to an property for the mixed basis (X) that Tr { }

(18) ( ) is invertible .

Which together with (15) implies that the Weyl transformation A(X) The inverse is given by A(X) = Tr { ( ) = }

(19)

Tr ( ( ) U (K))

In the quantum mechanical context in which the flat space is the phase space , the inverse map (19) was first understood by Wigner in the context of density operator and therefore function A(X) is known as the Wigner distribution function . The map , which provides a one to one correspondence between Wigner distribution functions and Weyl operators , is usually referred to as the Weyl Wigner correspondence . The inverse map (19) was later generalized to other operators in the quantum mechanical context .

3.3. Groenewold Moyal Product :

Unlike the pointwise multiplication of two functions in commutative space , the product of two operators is , in general , noncommutative . So we are interested in the kind of multiplication that results from taking the inverse transformation of product of two Weyl symbols . In terms of U(K) , the inverse of the product of two operators is given by ( ) = (K) (K) Tr (U(K)U(K)U(K))
15

(K) (K)

(K) (K)

(20)

Where in the first step the Trace Tr has been calculated using (14) and (16) and to reach the last step from the previous step we have integrated over K . The intricate convolution in (20) is known as the Groenewold Moyal star product and is denoted by A(X)* B(X). In the X-space, it takes the form , A(X)* B(X) = A(X)B(X) X= X (21)

Which easily follows from (20) after writing the Fourier variables in the first exponential in as the appropriate X- derivatives that act on the second exponential , and then using (21) to write the Fourier developments as the original A(X) and B(X). The expression can also be written as A(X)* B(X) = A( + ) B(X) = A(X)B( ) (22) . The product

Note that the ordinary communitative product is restored in the limit

is also known as deformed product and the physical theories employing the product are called the deformations of those theories in the limit (20) is the star product of r functions : A1(X)*A2(X)*........*Ar(X)=
(

. A useful extension of the expression

(23)

Using the deformed product , we can write the fundamental commutation relations (2) as [ The bracket [ ]= (24)

] in the above relations (24) is called the Moyal bracket as it was first

employed by Moyal in the context of quantum mechanics for which the flat space in the above analysis is the classical phase space .
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The product (21) is in general noncommutative,an explicit example of which is the first commutation relation in (24) . It is also associative, i.e., { } { } (25)

Moreover , the expression (21) yields ordinary commutative product between two functions under integration over full space : (26)

Owing to the above property, the Moyal bracket of two proper functions vanishes under integration [ ] (27)

From the relation (26) , we may deduce the cyclicity property under integration : (28)

Since the phase in the exponential factor in (21) is antisymmetric under the exchange of primed and unprimed X, the complex conjugation of the star product becomes (A(X)*B(X))* = B*(X) *A(X)
,

(29)

Where the * as a subscript denotes the complex conjugation . Therefore , A * A is real if A is real . But in general A * B is complex even if A and B are real . There is another property that involves only the complex conjugation of the exponential factor of (21). Let us denote this complex conjugation of involve , then A(X) *B(X) = B(X) A(X) (30)
*

by , i.e., if the

product involves

, the product would

In the beginning of previous section , we stated that the space under consideration is a flat space parametrized by D coordinates . In our subsequent analysis in this thesis work , the space that we will be working with is either a 4 dimensional Minkowski space or a 2-dimensional Euclidean space or a 2n dimensional phase space .

17

( ) ( )( )

= = * =0. 2nd order term = + =* * +

( +

18

== * =0 +

= = =

19

Refernce : 1. R.Szabo , Phys.Rept.378(2003)207. 2. M.Chaichian ,M.M.Sheikh- Jabbari and A.Tureanu , Phys.Rev.Lett. 86,2716 (2001) [ ]

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CHAPTER IV 4.1.TWISTED POINCAR TRANSFORMATION: The Poincar group acts on Schwartz space S If g: x g x, then for a field and hence on its functions that live in an appropriate

The RHS of equation (1) is denoted by (

) where (g) is an appropriate and ,

representation of the group element. For an ordinary multiplication of two fields The Poincar covariance is mathematically written as

Star product of the form ( In general (g )(x) (g )(x) g( )(x) (4) *

Therefore the noncommutative theories in general breaks the Poincare symmetry. Suppose that is an infinitesimal symmetry transformation of a field and (x) by Using the standard co-product ( ) = ( 1+1 (6) + (5) ,denoted by

.then we may represent the action of on the tensor product of the two fields

The co product is covariant with respect to the point wise multiplication

21

mo ( ) = (x). (x) In the sense that mo = mo ( ) mt mt And therefore the non commutative theories in general breaks the Poincare symmetry. However it turns out that the theories possess a radically new symmetry, called twisted Poincare symmetry. mo

F=

= = = [ = = [ [ ] ] ]

22

( (

) )

Refernce:
23

1. Chaichian M,Presnajder P, Tureanu A, new concept of relativistic invariance in non commutative spacetie twiste Poincare stmmetry and its implications , Phys Rev Lett,151602(2005). 2. Szabo R, quantum field theory on noncommutative space , Phys . Rept . 378(2003)207.

conclusion:

24

25