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Functional Programming in JavaScript
 Functional
Programming
in JavaScript
LUIS ATENCIO

MANNING
SHELTER ISLAND
For online information and ordering of this and other Manning books, please visit
www.manning.com. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity.
For more information, please contact
Special Sales Department
Manning Publications Co.
20 Baldwin Road
PO Box 761
Shelter Island, NY 11964
Email: [email protected]

©2016 by Manning Publications Co. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in

any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written
permission of the publisher.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and Manning
Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps
or all caps.

Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Manning’s policy to have
the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end.
Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books
are printed on paper that is at least 15 percent recycled and processed without the use of
elemental chlorine.

Manning Publications Co. Development editor: Marina Michaels

20 Baldwin Road Technical development editor: Dean Iverson
PO Box 761 Review editor: Aleksandar Dragosavljevic
Shelter Island, NY 11964 Project editor: Tiffany Taylor
Copy editor: Tiffany Taylor
Proofreader: Katie Tennant
Technical proofreader: Daniel Lamb
Typesetter: Dennis Dalinnik
Cover designer: Leslie Haimes

ISBN: 9781617292828
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – EBM – 21 20 19 18 17 16
 To my wonderful wife, Ana.
Thank you for your unconditional support
and for being the source of passion and inspiration in my life.
 brief contents
PART 1 THINK FUNCTIONALLY ..................................................1
1 ■ Becoming functional 3
2 ■ Higher-order JavaScript 23

PART 2 GET FUNCTIONAL........................................................55

3 ■ Few data structures, many operations 57
4 ■ Toward modular, reusable code 84
5 ■ Design patterns against complexity 117

PART 3 ENHANCING YOUR FUNCTIONAL SKILLS ......................151

6 ■ Bulletproofing your code 153
7 ■ Functional optimizations 180
8 ■ Managing asynchronous events and data 205

vii
 contents
preface xv
acknowledgments xvii
about this book xix

PART 1 THINK FUNCTIONALLY .......................................1

1 Becoming functional
1.1
3
Can functional programming help? 5
1.2 What is functional programming? 5
Functional programming is declarative 7 Pure functions and
■

the problem with side effects 9 Referential transparency and

■

substitutability 13 Preserving immutable data 15

■

1.3 Benefits of functional programming 16

Encouraging the decomposition of complex tasks 16
Processing data using fluent chains 18 Reacting to the
■

complexity of asynchronous applications 19

1.4 Summary 22

ix
x CONTENTS

2 Higher-order JavaScript 23
2.1 Why JavaScript? 24
2.2 Functional vs. object-oriented programming 24
Managing the state of JavaScript objects 31 Treating objects ■

as values 32 Deep-freezing moving parts 34 Navigating

■ ■

and modifying object graphs with lenses 37

2.3 Functions 38
Functions as first-class citizens 39 Higher-order functions
■ 40
Types of function invocation 43 Function methods 44
■

2.4 Closures and scopes 45

Problems with the global scope 47 JavaScript’s function
■

scope 48 A pseudo-block scope 49 Practical applications

■ ■

of closures 50
2.5 Summary 53

PART 2 GET FUNCTIONAL ............................................55

3 Few data structures, many operations 57

3.1 Understanding your application’s control flow 58
3.2 Method chaining 59
3.3 Function chaining 60
Understanding lambda expressions 61 Transforming data ■

with _.map 62 Gathering results with _.reduce 65

■

Removing unwanted elements with _.filter 68

3.4 Reasoning about your code 70
Declarative and lazy function chains 71 ■
SQL-like data:
functions as data 75
3.5 Learning to think recursively 77
What is recursion? 77 Learning to think recursively
■
77
Recursively defined data structures 79
3.6 Summary 83

4 Toward modular, reusable code 84

4.1 Method chains vs. function pipelines 85
Chaining methods together 86 ■
Arranging functions
in a pipeline 87
 CONTENTS xi

4.2 Requirements for compatible functions 88

Type-compatible functions 88 ■ Functions and arity:
the case for tuples 89
4.3 Curried function evaluation 92
Emulating function factories 95 ■
Implementing reusable
function templates 97
4.4 Partial application and parameter binding 98
Extending the core language 100 ■
Binding into
delayed functions 101
4.5 Composing function pipelines 102
Understanding composition with HTML widgets 102
Functional composition: separating description from
evaluation 104 Composition with functional libraries 107
■

Coping with pure and impure code 109 Introducing point-free

■

programming 111
4.6 Managing control flow with functional combinators 112
Identity (I-combinator) 112 Tap (K-combinator) 113
■

Alternation (OR-combinator) 113 Sequence (S-combinator) 114

■

Fork (join) combinator 115

4.7 Summary 116

5 Design patterns against complexity 117

5.1 Shortfalls of imperative error handling 118
Error handling with try-catch 118 Reasons not to throw
■

exceptions in functional programs 119 Problems with ■

null-checking 121
5.2 Building a better solution: functors 121
Wrapping unsafe values 122 ■ Functors explained 124
5.3 Functional error handling using monads 127
Monads: from control flow to data flow 128 Error handling with
■

Maybe and Either monads 132 Interacting with external

■

resources using the IO monad 141

5.4 Monadic chains and compositions 144
5.5 Summary 150
xii CONTENTS

PART 3 ENHANCING YOUR FUNCTIONAL SKILLS ..........151

6 Bulletproofing your code 153

6.1 Functional programming’s influence on unit tests 154
6.2 Challenges of testing imperative programs 155
Difficulty identifying and decomposing tasks 155
Dependency on shared resources leads to inconsistent results 157
Predefined order of execution 158
6.3 Testing functional code 159
Treating a function as a black box 159 Focusing on business
■

logic instead of control flow 160 Separating the pure from

■

the impure with monadic isolation 161 Mocking external

■

dependencies 164
6.4 Capturing specifications with property-based testing 166
6.5 Measuring effectiveness through code coverage 172
Measuring the effectiveness of testing functional code 173
Measuring the complexity of functional code 177
6.6 Summary 179

7 Functional optimizations 180

7.1 Under the hood of function execution 181
Currying and the function context stack 183 ■
Challenges of
recursive code 186
7.2 Deferring execution using lazy evaluation 188
Avoiding computations with the alternation functional
combinator 189 Taking advantage of shortcut fusion
■ 190
7.3 Implementing a call-when-needed strategy 191
Understanding memoization 192 Memoizing computationally
■

intensive functions 192 Taking advantage of currying and

■

memoization 196 Decomposing to maximize memoization 196

■

Applying memoization to recursive calls 197

7.4 Recursion and tail-call optimization (TCO) 199
Converting non-tail calls to tail calls 201
7.5 Summary 203
 CONTENTS xiii

8 Managing asynchronous events and data 205

8.1 Challenges of asynchronous code 206
Creating temporal dependencies among functions 207
Falling into a callback pyramid 208 Using continuation-
■

passing style 210

8.2 First-class asynchronous behavior with promises 214
Future method chains 216 Composing synchronous and
■

asynchronous behavior 221

8.3 Lazy data generation 224
Generators and recursion 226 ■ The Iterator protocol 228
8.4 Functional and reactive programming with RxJS 229
Data as observable sequences 229 Functional and reactive
■

programming 230 RxJS and promises 233

■

8.5 Summary 234

appendix JavaScript libraries used in this book 235

index 239
 preface
When I was in college and graduate school, my class schedule was focused on object-
oriented design as the sole methodology for planning and architecting software sys-
tems. And, like many developers, I began my career writing object-oriented code and
building entire systems based on this paradigm.
Throughout my development career, I’ve learned and followed programming lan-
guages closely, not only because I want to learn something cool, but also because I’m
intrigued by the design decisions and philosophy that each language fosters. Just as a
new language provides a different perspective on how to approach software problems,
a new paradigm can achieve the same effect. Although the object-oriented approach
continues to be the modus operandi of software design, learning about functional
programming will open your eyes to new techniques that you can use on their own or
in parallel with any other design paradigm that fits your application.
Functional programming has been around for years, but to me it was only a minor
distraction. I had heard and read about the benefits of Haskell, Lisp, Scheme, and,
more recently, Scala, Clojure, and F# in terms of expressiveness and being highly pro-
ductive platforms; even Java, which has traditionally been known as a verbose language,
has functional artifacts that make code more succinct. Eventually, the minor distrac-
tion became impossible to avoid. And guess what? JavaScript, that object-oriented
language everyone uses, can be turned around 180 degrees and used functionally. It
turns out that this is the most powerful and effective way to use JavaScript. It took me
a long time to discover this, and in this book I want to make you aware of it so you
don’t have go on wondering why your JavaScript code is becoming so complex.

xv
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