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1 Math 115B, Winter 2007: Homework 1

The document contains 6 math exercises with proofs: 1) Proving two linear operators have the same kernel 2) Showing the inverse of the adjoint of an invertible operator is the adjoint of the inverse 3) Properties relating norms of vectors and inner products 4) Characterizing isometries as operators preserving vector norms 5) Relations between ranks of operators and their adjoints 6) Constructing the adjoint of an operator defined by an inner product

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78 views3 pages

1 Math 115B, Winter 2007: Homework 1

The document contains 6 math exercises with proofs: 1) Proving two linear operators have the same kernel 2) Showing the inverse of the adjoint of an invertible operator is the adjoint of the inverse 3) Properties relating norms of vectors and inner products 4) Characterizing isometries as operators preserving vector norms 5) Relations between ranks of operators and their adjoints 6) Constructing the adjoint of an operator defined by an inner product

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Jes Mtz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 115B, Winter 2007: Homework 1

Exercise 1.1. (FIS, 6.3 Exercise 7) The linear operator T : R2 R2 dened by T (x, y) = (2x + 3y, 4x + 6y) has the property that ker (T ) = ker (T ). Proof. The formula for T is T (x, y) = = (x, y)|T (1, 0) (1, 0) + (x, y)|T (0, 1) (0, 1) (x, y)|(2, 4) (1, 0) + (x, y)|(3, 6) (0, 1) = (2x + 4y, 3x + 6y)

From this, we can compute ker (T ) = {(x, y) R2 : 2x = 3y} ker (T ) = {(x, y) R2 : x = 2y}. Evidently, ker (T ) = ker (T ).

Exercise 1.2. (FIS, 6.3 Exercise 8) Let V be a nite dimensional inner product space, and T a linear operator on V . If T is invertible, then T is invertible and (T )1 = (T 1 ) . Proof. Since T is an isomorphism, each element of V is of the form T (v) for some v V . Then for any w V , we have v|1V (w) = = v|w = T 1 (T (v))|w T (v)|(T 1 ) (w) = y|(T (T 1 ) (w) .

By uniqueness of the adjoint, we must have T (T 1 ) ) = (1V ) = 1V . Hence (T 1 ) is the (right, and clearly left) inverse of T , i.e. (T 1 ) = (T )1 . Dr. Petersen oers the following elegant proof in his book. Basic properties of adjoints guarantee that 1V = (1V ) = (T T 1 ) = (T 1 ) T , therefore (T 1 ) is the inverse map to T . Lemma 1.3. (a) If V is an inner product space over R, then for all x, y V , 4 x|y = ||x + y||2 ||x y||2 . (b) If V is an inner product space over C, then for all x, y V ,
4

4 x|y =
k=1

ik ||x + ik y||2 .

Proof. (a) In a real inner product space, x|y = y|x = y|x , so we have ||x + y||2 ||x y||2 = = x + y|x + y x y|x y ( x|x + 2 x|y + y|y )

( x|x 2 x|y + y|y ) = 4 x|y (b) In a complex inner product space, we have ||x + y||2 = i||x + iy||2 = i ||x y||2 = i||x + y||2 = i therefore x + y|x + y = x|x + x|y + y|x + y|y x + iy|x + iy = i x|x + x|y y|x + i y|y x y|x y = x|x + x|y + y|x + y|y x iy|x iy = i x|x + x|y y|x i y|y
4

ik ||x + ik y||2 = 4 x|y .


k=1

Exercise 1.4. (FIS, 6.3 Exercise 10) If T is a linear operator on a nite dimensional inner product space V , then ||T (x)|| = ||x|| for all x V if and only if T is an isometry. Proof. If T is an isometry, then ||T (x)|| = T (x)|T (x) = x|x = ||x||. Conversely, suppose that ||T (x)|| = ||x|| for all x V . In particular, for any x, y V , ||T (x) T (y)|| = ||T (x y)|| = ||x y||. If V is a real inner product space, then Lemma 1.3(a) guarantees that T (x)|T (y) = = 1 (||T (x) + T (y)||2 ||T (x) T (y)||2 ) 4 1 (||x + y||2 ||x y||2 ) = x|y . 4

If V is a complex inner product space, then Lemma 1.3(b) guarantees that T (x)|T (y) = 1 4 1 4
4

ik ||T (x) + ik T (y)||2


k=1 4

ik ||x + ik y||2 = x|y .


k=1

In both the real and complex cases, it follows that T is an isometry. Exercise 1.5. (FIS, 6.3 Exercise 13) If T is a linear operator on a nite dimensional inner product space V over F, then (a) ker (T T ) = ker (T ). In particular, rank(T T ) = rank(T ). (b) rank(T ) = rank(T ). In particular, rank(T T ) = rank(T ). (c) for any A Mn (F), rank(A A) = rank(AA ) = rank(A). 2

Proof. (a) If x ker (T ), then T (T (x)) = T (0) = 0, so x ker (T T ). If x ker (T T ), then by the Fredholm Alternative, T (x) ker (T ) = im(T ) . In other words, T (x)|T (y) = 0 for all y V . In particular, T (x)|T (x) = ||T (x)||2 = 0 which is possible if and only if T (x) = 0. This shows that x ker (T ). So ker (T ) = ker (T T ), which implies that nullity(T ) = nullity(T T ). It follows from the dimension theorem that rank(T ) = rank(T T ). (b) The dimension theorem guarantees that dim(V ) dim(im(L )) = dim(im(L )). By the Fredholm Alternative, we have rank(L) = dim(im(L)) = dim(V ) dim(ker(L)) = dim(V ) dim(im(L )) = dim(im(L )) = rank(L ). By part (a), ker (T T ) = ker ((T ) T ) = ker (T ). By the dimension theorem, rank(T T ) = rank(T ) = rank(T ). (c) Let LA : Fn Fn denote the linear transformation associated to A. Then by parts (a) and (b) rank(A A) = rank(LA LA ) = rank(LA ) = rank(A) = rank(LA LA ) = rank(AA ).

Exercise 1.6. (FIS, 6.3 Exercise 14) Let V be an inner product space over F, and let y, z V . Dene a linear operator T : V V by T (x) = x|y z for all x V . Then T exists and is dened by T (x) = x|z y. Proof. First, we convince the reader that T is in fact a linear operator. Let x, x V and a F, and compute T (ax + x ) = ax + x |y z = a x|y z + x |y z = aT (x) + T (x ). Assume that T exists. Then for any x, x V , x|T (x ) = = = T (x)|x = x|y z|x x|y

x|y z|x = z|x

x| z|x y = x| x |z y .

By the uniqueness of the adjoint, we must have T (x ) = x |z y. It now suces to prove that T dened as such is a linear map. Indeed, if x, x V and a F, then T (ax + x ) = ax + x |z y = a x|z y + x |z y = aT (x) + T (x ).

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