Simulation Using SequelGUI

Twesh B. Lyallpuri; Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Mumbai-400058, India, [email protected]

AbstractSequelGUI is a simulation software used for simulating any type of electronic circuit to obtain desired results about the performances of the designed circuit. This software can be used to simulate digital, analog, transient and other types of circuits. The circuital elements are pre-designed in this software which can be used to design the circuit according to the requirements of the circuit. The designed circuit is simulated by certain numeric integration methods which have to be used to in the solving blocks, on the basis of which the software generates the corresponding circuit le. This circuit le is compiled to obtain the conclusion as required by the user. In this assignment the application of SequelGUI has been illustrated by simulating three circuits namely, 1) Comparator:- This is circuit containing OP-AMP in inverting mode. The two signals are compared using OP-AMP in open loop conguration to generate a rectangular wave. 2) High Frequency Response:- This circuit decpicts the HF response of CE amplier considering the effect of stray capacitances. 3) Astable Multivibrator using IC555: This circuit shows IC555 worrking as Astable Multivibrator with adjustability of Duty Cycle.

Fig. 1.

Circuit Diagram

V o = V ee

.....if V p < V N

(2)

I. I NTRODUCTION Circuit simulation is a virtual technique of running a circuit. The circuit can be processed and its parameters can be compared or performance of the circuit can be visualized by graphs. SequelGUI is a software which is designed for carrying out such simulations. In this assignment I have simulated three circuits to illustrate the application of this software. The circuits are accompanied by their corresponding circuit equations and graphs which showcase their working. II. INVERTING COMPARATOR Op-Amp in open loop conguration has a very high value of gain(approximately 200000). Thus even a small differential voltage will drive Op-Amp in saturation i.e. +Vcc and -Vee. This behaviour of Op-Amp is called bistable behaviour and is highly non-linear. The basic function of a Comparator is to compare the voltage applied at one of its inputs to that applied at its other input and to produce an indicating output voltage. Let the voltage applied at the non-inverting terminal be denoted by Vp and that applied at inverting terminal be denoted by Vn. Then the output voltage is given by: V o = +V cc .....if V p > V N (1)

Since the Op-Amp used in Figure refabc1 is in Inverting mode, the signal is applied at inverting terminal while the reference dc signal is applied at non-inverting terminal. Hence using the above equations we can infer that when the signal value is greater than reference value the Output goes low(-Vee) and when signal value is lower the Output goes high(+Vcc) It might be noted that the saturation voltages mignt not be equal in magnitudes. They can differ as per ones use for e.g. In Digital applications the Lower Saturation Voltage must not be negative (ideally 0V). Thus it can be acheived by changing the applied -Vee voltage.[1]

Fig. 2.

Output voltage waveform

The simulated output graph in Figure refabc2 shows the rectangular waveform obtained on comparing the two applied signal. It also depicts that the Upper and Lower saturation Voltage are approximately 10V and -10V respectively. (Theoretically 11V)

Fig. 3.

Circuit Diagram

Figure refabc3

III. HF R ESPONSE OF CE A MPLIFIER For the High Frequency Response of CE amplier, the coupling and bypassing capacitors have negligibly small impedance. However in the High Frequency Range the internal capacitances and stray capacitances (which behave as open switch in Low Frequency Range) have considerable impedance to offer. Hence the equivalent model of CE amplier in HF range is as shown in Figure ??.
TABLE I S TRAY C APACITANCES Capacitor Cbe, Cce Cwi, Cwo Cmi, Cmo Type Junction Capacitance Wire Capacitance Millerised capacitance

The graph depicts Maximum output voltage to be approximately 1.8V and decreases with increase in frequency. Also it can be found out that the 3dB frequency is 700KHz. IV. VARIABLE D UTY C YCLE IN IC555

The table I shows the types of Capacitances Cmi and Cmo do not exist directly as the other capacitance but are rather a result of Millerisation1 of Cbc (Junction capacitance).[2] They are given by the formula Cmi = Cbc (1 Avmid) (A 1) A (3)

Cmo = Cbc

(4)

Here, Avmid is the mid frequency gain of amplier. The following image depicts the simulated frequency Response of the circuit. The Stray capacitances are in pF hence are open for low and mid frequencies. The Figure IIIdepicts that as frequency increases the capacitances draw considerable current loading the source(for input capacitance) or amplier (for outout capacitance) and thereby decreasing the gain and hence the gain of CE amplier decreases for high frequencies. Hence the output voltage decreases too.Since V o(s) = Av(s) V i .....V i = 20mV (5)

Fig. 4.

Circuit Diagram

1 It is a multiplication effect of base-collector capacitance due to feedback between output and input of transistor circuit

The above circuit(Figure 4) depicts IC 555 in astable multivibrator conguration. This conguration generates square wave as output. The ON time for this wave is when the capacitor starts charging and reaches the maximum value. The

OFF time is until the capacitor remains discharged. The S-R ipop in the IC controls the charging and discharging of capacitor which inturn is controlled by the o/p of comparator. When Q=0 capacitor charges and the o/p(Q)=1 and when Q=1 capacitor discharges through an inbuilt transistor instantly with o/p(Q)=0.[?]

Fig. 5.

Output Waveform

Figure 5 depicts square wave of different higher duty cycle uptil 1ms while of lower duty cycle after 1ms. The equation for duty cycle without diode is as follows: D.C. = Ra + Rb Ra + 2(Rb) (6)

While the equation for duty cycle with diode connected is: Ra (7) Ra + Rb Thus the Duty Cycle when diode is connected is lesser as compared to without diode[?]. D.C. = V. CONCLUSION THe circuits for Inverting Comparator, Frequency Response and Astable Multivibrator using IC555 were implemented and studied in SequelGUI. The outputs of the circuits matched the standard outputs. Thus it can be summarized that SequelGUI can be used to simulate many analog and digital circuits. R EFERENCES
[1] xyz3xyz4 J.S Katre, Madhavi P.Joshi, and G.C Patil, Analog and Digital IC-Design and Applications. [2] Donald Naeman, Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design