Political Institution Political Institution came from Latin, which means instituere or something manifested or embodied.

It says that institution is a continual activity or feature of human beings. The term is so popular among scholars of political science; because institutions become central to any form of human being`s political behavior . Political institution is a form of social processes especially which regulate the community. This illustrates once that interests of certain human multitudes are always guarded and defended by them through the process of inclusion and political intervention. institution is also the birthplace of political ideologies and political actors who are then placed in a government organization to influence the policies set by government. Form of Political Institution In any system of government there are three main political institutions, namely the Legislative, Executive and Judicial Board. there are also some other political institutions playing a role in the way state government run. They are political Party, bureaucracy, army, suppressor group, sameinterests group and others. Amandement Constitution Etimologically, the amendment comes from the English: to amend interpreted as to make better, to remove the faults. Amandement further defined as a change for the better; a correction of errors, faults etc. Meanwhile, in the constitutional sense of the term Amendment is an Addition to, or a change of a constitution or an organic act which is a pendent to the document rather than intercalated in the text. The Purpose of Amandement The purpose of the 1945 amendment generally was to refine the existing constitution to remain in accordance with the times. The amendments were made aiming to bring the country towards change for the

better in many areas by continuing to always pay attention to the interests of the people. Political Parties Definition Carl J. Friedrich write down it as follows; A political, party is a group of human being, stably organized with the objective of securing or maintaining for its leaders the control of a government, with the further objective of giving to members of the party, through such control ideal and material benefits and advantages. Sigmund Neumann in its masterpiece book, modern political parties, opening political party congeniality as follows; A political party is the articulate organization of societys active political agents; those who are concerned with the control of government polity power, and who compete for popular support with other group or groups holding divergent views. Giovani Sartori, what its masterpiece also become classical and also important reference. Sartori have a notion that; A party is any political group that present at elections, and is capable of placing through elections candidates for public office. Political Party Growth History Early Growth Political party is first time borned spontaneously in West European countries. In the early its growth in final of 18th century. In many states like England and Prancis, its political activity is concentrated on a political group in parliament and used to maintain the noblesse from king demand. By the end of 19th century, born the political party. Political Party Growth in Indonesia Political developments in Indonesia is divided into three period, namely: the Colonial Period, the Japanese Occupation Period, and PreIndependence period. Political Parties Classification System Single Party System This term is used to state that really has only one party and the country with one dominant party among

other parties. The pattern of a single party there in several countries such as China, Cuba and the Soviet Union. Life of the party in this country is not competitive, that all parties must comply with the ruling party and do not compete with it. Double Party System of

This term is used for the two parties among several parties, won two top spots in the polls and by turns. Now this is only a few countries that bi-party system, such as Britain, the United States, the Philippines, and others. In the bi-party system, parties with clearly divided into the ruling party and the party's critics, but loyal. This system can work well if the combination of a homogeneous society, a strong consensus in society about the goals and principles of social, political, and historical continuity. System of Multi Party Diversity of society's political culture encourages multi-party system or a lot of parties. Differences in various aspects of society make social groups tend to use a small container, so that multi-party system is considered in accordance with cultural and political diversity. Countries such as Indonesia adherents of this system, the Netherlands, Australia, and others. Multi-party system, especially if associated with a parliamentary system of government, have a tendency to focus on legislative powers that the executive is usually weaker. This is because often there is no one strong party to form his own government, so it must enter into a coalition with other parties. However, it is not always a weak coalition government system, as shown in the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Functions of Political Parties Function of political parties in the State of Democracy. >Means of Political Communication >For facilities needed to pressure political socialization >As a Means of Political Recruitment >As a Means of Conflict

Manager Functions of Political Parties in Authoritarian Countries Functions of Political Parties in Developing Countries Interest groups Interest group is a group of people who have fellowship which is driven by particular interests. This interest can be either general or public importance or interest to particular groups. Examples of fellowship which is the interest group, namely the mass organizations, alumni of a school community, the region of origin, and certain hobby community. Interest group aims to fight for something "of interest" with the influence of political institutions in order to obtain a favorable decision or avoid an adverse decision. Interest groups do not seek to place their representatives in the legislature, but enough to affect one or several parties inside or the competent authority and the minister in charge. Pressure group Pressure group is a group of people who form an association with the activity or activities put pressure on the authorities so that desires can be accommodated by the holders of power. For example, NGOs, Farmers Self Care, and NonGovernmental Organizations Rescue Quake Victims. At first, the activities of these groups are mediocre, but the situation and turn it into a pressure group condition. INTEREST GROUPS & PRESSURE DIFFERENCE For many purposes, and interest group pressure group can be thought of as synonymous terms. However, sometimes it is important also to distinguish them. Interest groups can be considered as a general model, with pressure group into a variant that describes itself as a major in political representation. Political Participation Political Participation is voluntary activities by which members of a society share in election of rules and, and directly or indirectly, in the formation of public

policy. McClosky)

(Herbert

Political Participation in Authoritarian Country Participation which is done in the Authoritarian country has main goal. The main goal is to change underdeveloped people to be modern, productive, and powerful people. An authoritarian regime always try in order the percentages of participation in general election reach high level. Uni Soviet is country that reach almost every election upon 99%. It is needed to remembered that the electoral system of authoritarian country is differ with democracy country. In the authoritarian country only has one candidate in every chair and the candidate must be fertilized by Komunis Party. Political Participation in Developing Country Many of developing country want to make any construction to reach out their lack. The succesful of contruction depends on people participation. People participation will help in many problem which posed by etnhic differences, culture, economy, social status, religion, etc. National integrity, establishment of national identity, and loyality to country will be improved by political participation. Its mean that, political participation in developing country must be participation of people. Executive Executive is body who implement the law that created by legislature and government. Has the scope of duties and functions of the institutions extensive knowledge and support in various aspects and skills that can provide support for the acceleration of public service and the achievements of national development goals Led by the king or president, in the duty and functions assisted by the cabinet (minister) Executive and Governance Systems Presidential system ministers are presidential aide and directly led by president Parliamentary system ministers are led by a prime minister (prime

minister and ministers called the responsible executive) Monarchy constitutional - the king is called as a part of executive which cant be contested (the king can do no wrong)

The Authority of Executive Administrative, means that the authority to implement the law and the other rules and organizing the state administration Legislature, which make the bill and submit it to the house of representative until became a law Security, means that the power to regulate the police and armed forces, organize war, national defense, and homeland security Judiciary, grants mercy, amnesty, etc. Diplomatic, the pwer to conduct diplomatic relations with the other countries Executive classifications parliamentary system with parliamentary executive presidential system with fixed executive or non-parliamentary executive legilative The legilature reflects its name to legislate or make laws Another names assembly, parliament, people of representative Symbol of the sovereign people Concept of Representation Political representation Functional representation Role of the member of parliament as a trustee and their role as carrier of the mandate representation