Ruh Fardin AP Bio Fradi

Genetics of Organisms
ABSTRACT
In the 1860s, Gregor Mendel bred garden peas for genetic experimental purposes. He crossed several of known species having known characteristics of different types including color, height, and shape. Over the progressing years, scientists have found multiple ways of genetic cross testing with an ample amount of species. Among the various species, Drosophila, or the common fruit fly, has been a popular testing subject in which scientists can gather a large quantity of data in a short amount of time. It is impractical for scientists to use humans for testing purposes so instead, Drosophila is used. They are ideal for genetic experiments because they produce a new generation of flies in less than two weeks, and thousands can be raised in small containers. Its life cycle is divided into four stages: the egg stage, the larva stage, the pupa, and the adult stage. It takes approximately 10 to 12 days for a Drosophila life cycle to complete. The common distinction between a male and female fruit fly is the stripe and size indicator. It tells scientists whether a fly is male or female. A male has no stripes and appears much smaller in size than the female and the female have striped abdomens across their backs and are larger than the males. Fortunately for scientists, females are unable to mate until 10 hours after emergence from the pupa cases, so virgin females are easily separated from the others. This allows scientists to respectfully select proper mating partners by isolating the ones with unwanted characteristics from the others. After parental flies mate and lay eggs, scientists remove them from the container before the offspring hatch so there is no confusion between the generations.

OBJECTIVES
For this experiment, the stages of the fruit fly life cycle will be observed; the principals of Mendelian inheritance patterns will be reviewed, genetic crosses with fruit flies will be performed, hypotheses will be formulated pertaining to the results of the fruit fly crosses, and chi-square tests will be used to test the hypotheses.

HYPOTHESIS
According to the information presented, there will be a phenotypic ratio of 1:1 in the sex linked crosses. The F1 generation will exhibit a 1:1 ratio of red eyed females to the number of white eyed males. The F2 generation will exhibit a 1:1 ratio of red eyed females to white eyed females. A 1:1 ratio will also be observed from the red eyed males to white eyed males.

MATERIALS

Ruh Fardin AP Bio Fradi For this experiment, the following materials will be used, each day containing new material (if any) added: Day 1: Day 2: Day 7: 1 Vial with 3 or 4 pairs of F1 Drosophila melanogaster adults (from Day 2) Drosophila sorting brush Wide-mouth bottle with cap and alcohol Container with ice 1 Vial with 3 or 4 pairs of F1 Drosophila melanogaster adults Frozen freezer pack Petri dish Drosophila sorting brush Whatman filter paper Container with ice Dissecting microscope 1 Vial with wild-type Drosophila melanogaster adults Frozen freezer pack Petri dish Drosophila sorting brush Whatman filter paper Container with ice Dissecting microscope

Day 14-18: Vial with newly emerged F2 Drosophila melanogaster adults Frozen freezer pack Petri dish Drosophila sorting brush Whatman filter paper Wide-mouth bottle with cap and alcohol Container with ice

PROCEDURE

Ruh Fardin AP Bio Fradi This is a series of steps to be followed for accurate results, (note that each day has a newly set of instructions to follow): Steps for Day 1: 1. Place the vial of wild-type fruit flies into the ice in the bucket. Use a twisting motion as you insert the vial into the ice so that the bottom and side surfaces of the vial come into contact with the ice. Allow the vial to remain on ice for 3-4 minutes, twisting the vial occasionally to ensure even distribution of cold. 2. While the flies are becoming anesthetized, place the filter paper into the bottom of the petri dish. Be sure that the paper lays flat in the dish. Place the petri dish on the freezer pack so that the entire bottom surface of the dish is in contact with the freezer pack. 3. When the flies are anesthetized, open the vial and tip it over so that the flies spill onto the filter paper in the petri dish/freezer pack. 4. Cover the petri dish and examine the files with the dissecting microscope. The petri dish must remain on the freezer pack while you do this or the flies will awaken and become mobile. 5. When you feel confident in your ability to determine the sex of the flies, use the Drosophila sorting brush to sort the flies by gender into two areas in the petri dish. Confirm your results with your teacher. 6. Record the visible features of the flies that you have examined. Assign a phenotypic designation to each character you describe, and record that information in Data Table 1. Pay particular attention to eye color, wing structure, and presence or absence of appendage bristles. 7. Return the anesthetized flies to the vial and place the polyurethane plug back in the vial to stopper it. Steps for Day 2: 1. Anesthetize the F1 flies as you did for the wild-type flies yesterday. When they are completely anesthetized, place them on filter paper in the petri dish/freezer pack. 2. Record the sex and other phenotypic characters of each of the flies in Data Table 2. 3. Return the anesthetized flies to the vial, and place the vial in a warm area to incubate for 6 days. Steps for Day 7: 1. Anesthetize the F1 flies. When they are anesthetized, transfer them to the fruit fly morgue (the wide-mouth container with alcohol). Dispose of the flies as directed by your teacher. 2. Return the vial to the warm area to incubate for 7 days. Steps for Day 14-18:

Ruh Fardin AP Bio Fradi 1. Anesthetize the newly emerged F2 flies, and place them on filter paper in the petri dish/freezer pack. 2. Record the sex and the other phenotypic characters of each of the flies. Record your observations in Data Table 3. 3. Transfer the anesthetized flies to the fruit fly morgue. Label the morgue F2 flies. Keep the morgue; you will continue counting F2 flies for several days as they emerge. 4. Return the vial to the warm area to continue incubation. 5. Repeat Steps 1-4 on Days 15-18, adding F2 adults to the morgue as they emerge from pupation.

DATA
The following are data tables from the experiment. (Note that the data tables are organized according to their dates upon recorded): Data Table 1: Wild-type Drosophila Melanogaster Characteristics: (possible variations) Description of Phenotypic Character: Red Eyes Stripes Red Eyes Only White Eyes Stripes White Eyes Only Designation: F XRXR or XRXr M XRY F XrXr M XrY

Data Table 2: F1 Generation Drosophila Melanogaster Characters: Description of Phenotypic Character: Red Eyes White Eyes Male: 0 32 Females: 34 0

Data Table 3: F2 Generation Drosophila Melanogaster Characters: Description of Phenotypic Character: Red Eyes White Eyes Male: 52 64 Females: 53 55

S S s SS Ss

s Ss ss XR Xr

Xr XR Xr XrXr

Y XR Y XrY

Trait: Sepia Eyes (Ss x Ss) 1:2:1 Genotypic Ratio

Trait: White Eyes (XX x XY) 2:2 Genotypic Ratios

Ruh Fardin AP Bio Fradi

RESULTS
Q: Based on the observations of the F2 generation, what type of inheritance pattern was observed? A: Autosomal/sex-linked in heritance patterns. Chi Square Analysis This is a chi-square test based on the data gathered from the F2 generation: Observed Expected Observed(o-e)2 Phenotypes expected (o-e) R R (X X ) 53 50 3 9 (XrXr) 55 49 6 36 (XRY) 52 48 4 16 (XrY) 64 50 14 196

(o-e)2/e 0.18 0.75 0.33 3.92 5.18

CONCLUSION
Based on the data presented, I do not believe that the results were close to my predicted hypothesis. The results were way too off. I think there was a miss-calculation in counting the F2 generation or there was an error in the Chi Square computation.