Chapter 4: Operators – Detailed Notes
Introduction
Operators are special symbols that perform operations on variables and values.
Categories of operators in Java: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Assignment,
Conditional (ternary), Miscellaneous.
Arithmetic Operators
Basic math operations: +, -, *, /, %.
class BasicMath {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Integer Arithmetic:");
int a = 1 + 1;
int b = a * 3;
int c = b / 4;
int d = c - a;
int e = -d;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
System.out.println("c = " + c);
System.out.println("d = " + d);
System.out.println("e = " + e);
System.out.println("\nFloating Point Arithmetic:");
double da = 1 + 1;
double db = da * 3;
double dc = db / 4;
double dd = dc - a;
double de = -dd;
System.out.println("da = " + da);
System.out.println("db = " + db);
System.out.println("dc = " + dc);
System.out.println("dd = " + dd);
System.out.println("de = " + de);
}
}
Explanation: Shows arithmetic with integers and doubles.
class Modulus {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x = 42;
double y = 42.25;
System.out.println("x mod 10 = " + x % 10);
System.out.println("y mod 10 = " + y % 10);
}
}
Explanation: % gives remainder for both integers and floating-point numbers.
Relational and Logical Operators
Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
Logical: &, |, ^, !, &&, ||.
class BoolLogic {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean a = true;
boolean b = false;
boolean c = a | b;
boolean d = a & b;
boolean e = a ^ b;
boolean f = (!a & b) | (a & !b);
boolean g = !a;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
System.out.println("a|b = " + c);
System.out.println("a&b = " + d);
System.out.println("a^b = " + e);
System.out.println("!a&b|a&!b = " + f);
System.out.println("!a = " + g);
}
}
Explanation: Demonstrates AND, OR, XOR, and NOT.
Assignment Operators
Basic assignment: =. Compound assignment: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=.
class OpEquals {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int c = 3;
a += 5; // a = a + 5
b *= 4; // b = b * 4
c += a * b; // c = c + (a*b)
c %= 6; // c = c % 6
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
System.out.println("c = " + c);
}
}
Explanation: Compound assignments combine arithmetic and assignment.
Increment and Decrement
++ increments by 1, -- decrements by 1.
Prefix (++x): increment before use.
Postfix (x++): increment after use.
Conditional (Ternary) Operator
Format: condition ? expr1 : expr2.
class Ternary {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i, k;
i = 10;
k = i < 0 ? -i : i; // absolute value
System.out.print("Absolute value of ");
System.out.println(i + " is " + k);
i = -10;
k = i < 0 ? -i : i;
System.out.print("Absolute value of ");
System.out.println(i + " is " + k);
}
}
Explanation: Finds absolute value of a number.
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>.
class BitLogic {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 3; // 011
int b = 6; // 110
System.out.println("a & b = " + (a & b)); // 010 = 2
System.out.println("a | b = " + (a | b)); // 111 = 7
System.out.println("a ^ b = " + (a ^ b)); // 101 = 5
System.out.println("~a = " + (~a)); // invert bits
}
}
Explanation: Demonstrates bitwise operations.
Operator Precedence
Highest precedence: [], (), .
Unary: ++, --, +, -, !, ~
Multiplication/division/modulus: *, /, %
Addition/subtraction: +, -
Shifts: <<, >>, >>>
Relational: <, <=, >, >=
Equality: ==, !=
Bitwise: &, ^, |
Logical: &&, ||
Conditional: ?:
Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, etc.
Summary
Java supports arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, increment/decrement, and
ternary operators.
Programs illustrated usage with integers, floating-point numbers, booleans, and bits.
Operator precedence defines evaluation order.
