Name: ID Number:

Rinnie Yang 1128190

Quiz Section: AN Lab Partner: Laurie Tran

Points assigned to tables, graphs questions, and calculations.

Chem 152 Experiment #6: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)

Part II. Measuring the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum Part I. An Application of AES: Determination of Sodium
Total Points = 60 (5 notebook, 55 template)

Note: All sections of this report must be typed

By signing below, you certify that you have not falsified data, that you have not plagiarized any part of this lab report, and that all calculations and responses other than the reporting of raw data are your own independent work. Failure to sign this declaration will result in 5 points being deducted from your report score. Signature:

Part II. Measuring the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum

DATA
Table 1. Hydrogen Emission Data Spectroscope Data Color violet blue-green red Wavelength, nm 425 482 660 Ocean Optics Spectrometer l (nm) (descending order) 657.59 486.42 434.51 410.32 397.27
Use these in the data analysis. Data here will autofill into the third column of Tables 2-4

Excel Help for Data in Tables 2, 3 &4 1. Column B: =1/(Click on column A entry)^2, Enter. Copy and paste into remaining cells. 2. Column D: =1/(Click on Column C entry), Enter. Copy and paste into other cells.
3. Format cells to desired number of decimal places. Highlight cells, Format, Number, select number of decimal places. A number that does not fit the column width will show an error and a number that is too small for the formatting will register as zero. You also have the option to write the number in scientific notation.

A: Data Analysis

Hypothesis #1: nf (assumed) = 1; therefore ni = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. If the hypothesis is correct, a plot of 1/l vs. 1/ni2 should be linear (good R2 ) and the Rydberg constants calculated from slope and the y-intercepts should be the same. Calculate 1/l and 1/ni2 , then plot the data and include the equation and R2 on the plot. Compare the R values calculated from the slope and y-int. 4.Plot 1/l on the y-axis and 1/ni2 on the x-axis. Right click on any data point and add a trendline. In the trendline help box, choose linear Table 2. Hypothesis #1; nf = 1; ni = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 type, and under the options tab, click on the boxes in front of "display l (nm) 1/l nm-1 ni values 1/ni2 equation on chart" and "display R2 0.25000000 657.6 0.00152070 squared on chart". Right click on the 3 0.11111111 486.4 0.00205584 equation, choose "format data 4 0.06250000 434.5 0.00230144 labels" or "format trendline label" 5 0.04000000 410.3 0.00243712 and change the number properties so that 5 sig figs are displayed. 6 0.02777778 397.3 0.00251718 (Failure to do this on each plot will cost you a point!) Put your plot of 1/l vs 1/n 2 here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large
i

enought for someone else to read.

1/ni2 vs. 1/

0.00300000 Use the online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel.

1/ (nm-1)

0.00250000 Title the graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting once you print the report. 0.00200000 Add a0.00150000to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and choose the options that will Trendline y = -0.0044082x + 0.0025997 "display the equation on the chart". 0.00100000 R = 0.99106
0.00050000 0.00000000 0.00000000

5. From the Rydberg equation, you know that the slope is equal to -R and the y-intercept is equal to R/n f2. Calculate R both ways and compare. Report your results to 4 or 5 sig figs.
2

0.05000000

0.10000000

0.15000000 1/ni2

0.20000000

0.25000000

0.30000000

Slope: y-intercept:

R from slope: R from y-intercept:

-1 0.0044082 nm -1 0.0025997 nm

Is nf=1?

no
3

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Hypothesis #2: nf (assumed) = 2; therefore ni = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. If the hypothesis is correct, a plot of 1/l vs. 1/ni2 should be linear (good R2 ) and the Rydberg constants calculated from slope and the y-intercepts should be the same. Calculate 1/l and 1/ni2 , then plot the data and include the equation and R2 on the plot. Compare the R values calculated from the slope and y-int.

Table 3. Hypothesis #2; nf = 2; ni = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ni values 3 4 5 6 7 1/ni2 0.11111111 0.06250000 0.04000000 0.02777778 0.02040816

l (nm)
657.6 486.4 434.5 410.3 397.3

1/l nm-1 0.00152070 0.00205584 0.00230144 0.00243712 0.00251718

Put your plot of 1/l vs 1/ni2 here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought for someone else to read.

1/ni2 vs. 1/

0.00300000 Use the online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel.
0.00250000 Title the graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting once you print the report. 0.00200000

0.00150000 y = choose the 0.0027417 Add a Trendline to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and -0.010987x + options that will "display the 0.00100000 equation on the chart". R = 1.0000 0.00050000 0.00000000 0.00000000
0.02000000 0.04000000 0.06000000 0.08000000 0.10000000 0.12000000

1/ (nm-1)

1/ni2

Slope: y-intercept:

R from slope: R from y-intercept:

-1 0.010987 nm -1 0.010967 nm

Is nf=2?

yes
3

Hypothesis #3: nf (assumed) = 3; therefore ni = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. If the hypothesis is correct, a plot of 1/l vs. 1/ni2 should be linear (good R2 ) and the Rydberg constants calculated from slope and the y-intercepts should be the same. Calculate 1/l and 1/ni2 , then plot the data and include the equation and R2 on the plot. Compare the R values calculated from the slope and y-int.

Table 4. Hypothesis #3; nf = 3; ni = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ni values 4 5 6 7 8 1/ni2 0.06250000 0.04000000 0.02777778 0.02040816 0.01562500

l (nm)
657.6 486.4 434.5 410.3 397.3

1/l nm-1 0.00152070 0.00205584 0.00230144 0.00243712 0.00251718

Put your plot of 1/l vs 1/ni2 here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought for someone else to read.

1/ni2 vs. 1/

0.00300000 Use the online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel.

0.00150000 y = -0.021350x + 0.0028766 Add a Trendline to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and choose the options that will "display the R = 0.9960086 0.00100000 equation on the chart". 0.00050000 0.00000000 0.00000000

1/ (mn-1)

0.00250000 Title the graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting once 0.00200000 report. you print the

0.01000000

0.02000000

0.03000000

0.04000000

0.05000000

0.06000000

0.07000000

1/ni2

Slope: y-intercept:

R from slope: R from y-intercept:

-1 0.021350 nm -1 0.025889 nm

Is nf=3?

no
3

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Summary of information to be used in the next section (from the data for the correct nf value above): R (in SI units) b (in SI units) 1.0987X107 m-1 2.7417X106 m-1
1

B: Ionization Energy and Energy Levels

Enter the values for h and c, then calculate the ionization energy per atom from nf (IE = hcb),where b is the y-intercept in m-1. h (Planck's const) 6.626X10-34 Js c (speed of light) 3.00X108 m/s IE(per atom) 5.45X10-19
Type the calculation of IE per atom from nf
(6.626X10-34)(3.00X108)(2.7417X106)=IE
-19 J IE= 5.45X10 J/atom

If nf is not 1, the IE calculated above is not the regular ionization energy. We need to add an energy term, for the ground state (n =1) to nf transition, to the IE just calculated. This energy term is equal to 3/4hcR for nf=2 and 8/9 hcR for nf=3. Type the calculation of IEtotal per atom and per mole. Calculate IEtotal from ground state (nf = 1), both per atom and per mole: 5.45X10-19+3/4(6.626X10-34)(3.00X108)(1.0987X107)=IEtotal IE(per atom) Avogadro's # IE (per mole) 2.03X10-18 J 6.022X1023 mole -1 1.22X106 J/mole
2
IEtotal= 2.03X10-18 J/atom X 6.022X1023 atoms/mol IEtotal= 1.22X106 J/mol

Calculate the allowed energy levels: En(per atom) = -hcR/n2 where n= 1, 2, 3, ... (with R in units of m-1) The cells under the h, c, and R headings below will autofill from cells B140, C140, and B133, respectively, so you just need to enter the formula in Column F to calculate En. En n h c R 6.626X10-34 3.00X108 1.0987X107 Ea E4 E3 E2 E1 4 3 2 1 6.626X10-34 6.626X10-34 6.626X10-34 6.626X10
-34

En(J) 0.000E+00 -1.365E-19 -2.427E-19 -5.460E-19 -2.184E-18

2

3.00X108 3.00X108 3.00X108 3.00X10

8

1.0987X107 1.0987X107 1.0987X107 1.0987X107

Part I. An Application of AES: Determination of Sodium

DATA Molar mass of NaCl Calculated mass of NaCl needed to make 100 mL of 0.100 M stock solution Actual mass of NaCl weighed out Actual molarity of stock NaCl solution prepared 58.44 5.84 5.8400 0.1000 g/mole g g M

Volume of 0.100 M stock NaCl solution for preparing 100 mL of each standard Desired mL of 0. 1M NaCl Standard Final [NaCl] (M) needed Note: 1 0.0010 1.00 For Table 5, calculate the ACTUAL [Na+] (M and mg/8 fl. oz.) of 2 0.0008 0.80 the standards based on the mass of NaCl you weighed out. Use 3 0.0006 0.60 the conversion factor: 4 0.0004 0.40 8 fl oz. = 0.2366 L to calculate the [Na+] in mg/8 fl.oz. 5 0.0002 0.20 Table 5: Flame Photometer Data [Na+], (M) Sample Standard 1 0.0010 Standard 2 0.0008 Standard 3 0.0006 Standard 4 0.0004 Standard 5 0.0002 Table 5 (continued) Sample Gatorade 4.13 mg/8 fl oz

[Na+], (mg/8 fl oz) 5.40 4.40 3.30 2.20 1.10 Dilution Factor 25

Intensity 79 61 48 35 18 Intensity 60
For your convenience, the

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Coca Cola Site #1, 8.5 m depth Site #1, 9.5 m depth Site #1, 10.5 m depth Site #1, 11.5 m depth Seawater

1.04 mg/8 fl oz 0.000638 M 0.000638 M 0.000759 M 0.000422 M 0.000949 M

2.5 1 2 10 100 400

18 51 51 60 35 74

For your convenience, the depth, dilution factors, and intensity values for the freshwater and seawater samples will autofill in the tables below.

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DATA ANALYSIS
Put your plot of Intensity vs. [Na+] (M) here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought for someone else to read.

[Na+] vs. Intensity

90 Use the online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel. 80 Title the graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your 70 units and formatting once you print the report. 60 50 y = 74000x + 3.80 Add a 40 Trendline to show the linear fit of your data. Choose a linear line and choose the options that will "display the equation on the chart". 30 20 10 0 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 Intensity [Na+] (M)

You will plot the data and obtain the trendline equation from the graph. This will be the calibration equation in the form of y=mx+b and you will use it, with your intensities (y) from the data table above, to determine the [Na+] in the samples. For the drink samples, you will need to convert the [Na+] from M to mg/8 fl oz. in order to compare with the manufacturers' values.

slope y-intercept

7.40E+04 M-1 3.80

Using the calibration equation (eqn of the line), calculate the concentration of sodium in the original samples. What percent of the labeled value is the measured value? 103 110 94 mg/8 fl. oz, sports drink mg/8 fl.oz on label % measured vs labeled values
Helpful Hints: Calculating concentrations from measured atomic emission intensities 1. y = mx + b, where y = your measured intensity and m and b are the slope and intercept from your plot, respectively. 2. Solve for 'x', multiply by the appropriate dilution factor from Table 5, and, for the cola and gatorade samples, convert the answer from M to mg/8 fl oz. 3. Also for the cola and gatorade samples, find the ratio of the measured amount to the reported amount. In other words, the measured amount is what % of the maximum amount allowed in the sample as reported on the label?

3 35 7

mg/8 fl. oz. for the cola drink mg/8 fl.oz on label % measured vs labeled values

Type the calculation for determining the concentration of Na+ in the original Gatorade sample in units of mg/8 fl.oz.

(60-3.8)/74000 X 0.2366 L X 22989 mg= 4.13 mg/8 fl. oz. 4.13 mg/8 fl. oz. X 25= 103 mg/8 fl oz

Freshwater samples as a function of depth: Depth (m) Intensity Dilution Factor 8.5 51 1 9.5 51 2 10.5 60 10 11.5 35 100

Concentration (M) 0.000638 0.00128 0.00759 0.0422

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Put your plot of concentration (M) vs depth here. Make your plot big enough to cover this instruction box so that it is large enought for someone else to read.

Depth of Freshwater Sample vs. Concentration

0.045 Use the online resources if you need help figuring out how to plot a graph in Excel. Choose an XY scatter plot with a smooth line and data markers. 0.04 Title the graph and label the X and Y axis, including the correct units. Be sure to double check your units and formatting once you 0.03 print the report. 0.025 Concentration (M) 0.035

0.02
0.015

0.01
0.005

0 0 2 4 6 Depth (feet) 8 10 12 14

At the deepest point, what is the ratio of Seawater to Freshwater? What about the most shallow point? Dilution Factor 400 Intensity 74 Concentration (M) 0.37960

Seawater

Dilution Factor = [Na Seawater]/[Na Freshwater, deepest point or most shallow point] deepest 9.0 most shallow 595.0
Type the calculation for determining the concentration of Na+ in the original seawater sample.

2 3

(74-3.8)/7400 = 0.000949 M 0.000949 X 400 = 0.37960 M

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Which of the three hypotheses fits the Rydberg equation? Explain your choice.
2

The hypothesis that the n final is equal to 2 is correct. This is because when the R values are calculated from the slope and the yintercept, their values came out to be the closest to each other.

2. Based on your data, which ni and nf values are associated with the most intense peak near 650 nm?

Based on my data, the values associated witht he peak near 650nm had the initial n of 3 and final n of 2.

3. How well does your ionization energy compare with the literature value of 1.312 x 106 J/mole? Calculate and discuss the % error.

(1.312X106 -1.22X106)/1.312X106 X 100= 7.01% error. My ionization energy value is slightly lower than the literature value of 1.312 x 106 J/mole, but very close.

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4. The flame photometer uses a natural gas flame (~ 1800 oC). What would happen to the emission intensities if an acetylene - nitrous oxide flame (~3000 oC) was used instead?

The emission intensities should increase with the temperature. This is because as temperature increases, the amount of excited electrons increase as well.

5. Assuming your measured Na concentrations are correct, how accurate is the labelling on the drinks? Calculate and discuss the % error.

Gatorade: (110-103)/110 X 100 = 6.36% error Cola: (35-2.6)/25 X 100 = 91.4% error The labelling seems to be fairly accurate based on my measured Na concentrations. Since the one for cola has such a high percent error, it must have been a mistake while measuring the intensity of the cola sample and the calculation afterwards that caused the large difference between values.

Laboratory Waste Evaluation (1 pt)

Laboratory waste is considered anything generated during an experiment that is disposed of down the sewer drain, thrown in the garbage, collected in a container for disposal by the UW Environmental Health & Safety department, or released into the environment. Based on the written lab procedure and your actions during the lab, list the identity and approximate amount (mass or volume) of waste that you generated while performing this experiment.
25mL gatorade 10mL coke 100mL NaCl solution 500mL NaCl soutions for measuring intensity =635mL waste

60

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