Chapter 2 - Ele232 - Edited

Chapter 2 Diode Applications
Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, students able to: Explain and analyze the operation of half-wave rectifier Explain and analyze t e ope at o o full-wave rectifier p a a d a a y e the operation of u a e ect e Explain and analyze the operation of clipper Explain and analyze the operation of clamper Explain and analyze the operation of diode multiplier Explain and analyze the operation of voltage regulator Explain the basic DC power supply components
Chapter 2 : DIODE APPLICATIONS p

Norsabrina Sihab Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang Tel : 04-3823355 Email : [email protected]
Norsabrina Sihab
Electronics 1
Updated May 2011
Introduction
It can conduct current in only ONE way direction and can act as switch (ON/OFF). 2 diode conditions ON & OFF state. di d diti t t 2 basic conditions for diode in ON state. Diode must in forward bias condition Voltage supply, Vi must b greater than the diode voltage, VD l l be h h d d l (Vi>VD) VSi=0.7V, VGe=0.3V and Videal diode=0V
Introduction
Diode in OFF state act as open circuit. So I=0A.
Diode in Series with DC Supply

Check diodes whether ON or OFF Redraw diode equivalent circuit including others component. q g p Apply KVL to determine current or voltage
Norsabrina Sihab Electronics 1
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Norsabrina Sihab
Electronics 1
Updated May 2011
Example 1 Determine ID, VR and Vo.

Ge 10V ID 5.6k + VR -5V Si + Vo
Example 2 Determine V1, V2, Vo and ID
Diode in Parallel with DC supply

Example 3 Determine ID, Ix and Vo
+20V
Solution
Solution
IX Ge Si ID
+ Vo 2.2k
- 5V
Solution
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Diode As Rectifier
Rectifier convert AC to DC Voltage (not pure DC). Allow current flow in one direction only. 2 types 1) half wave rectifier, 2) full wave rectifier
Half Wave Rectifier (contd)

Half-wave average voltage, Vdc Is determine by calculate the area under the curve and divide it by the period of rectified waveform waveform.
Vdc = 1 Vi (t ).dt T 0 1 Vm sin t.dt + 0.dt 2 0
2 T
Vi Vm
) 1) Half Wave Rectifier

Normally used in non-critical low current applications Made up of a diode, D and a resistor, R Has abilit to cond ct c ent in one di ection and block current in c ent ability conduct current direction the other direction.
+ Vi R + Vo -
= =
Vm [ cos ] 0 2 V = m [ cos ( cos 0)] 2 V = m
Vo Vm Vdc=0 318V 0.318V
Basic rectifier circuit

Updated May 2011
Where Vm i maximum (peak) value of AC voltage i ( k) l f lt is Vdc is average value of rectified voltage
Vdc = 0.318Vm
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Half Wave Rectifier - Operations

Positive half cycle of Vi
Half Wave Rectifier - Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

PIV Also known as Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV) l k k l ( ) Is maximum voltage across the diode in the direction to block current flow. Occurs at the peak of the negative alternation of the input cycle when diode is reverse biased. KVL: Vm- Vo- PIV = 0 Vm = PIV
Negative half cycle of Vi
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2) Full Wave Rectifier

The rectification process can be improved by using more diodes in a full-wave rectifier circuit. It can improve 100% of the DC level obtained from a sinusoidal input. Full-wave rectification produces a greater DC output: V Vdc = 2 m = 2(0.318Vm ) Vdc = 0.636Vm 2 types a) center tapped transformer, b) bridge network.
2a) Full Wave Center Tapped Rectifier ) pp

Requires Two diodes Center-tapped transformer
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Full Wave Center Tapped Rectifier - Operations pp p

Positive half cycle of Vi D1 ON & D2 OFF
Center Tapped Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

KVL : - Vm + PIV Vm=0 PIV = 2Vm
Vi=Vm V + R - Vm + - PIV +
Negative half cycle of Vi D1 OFF & D2 ON OFF ON
Vo Vm Vdc=0.636Vm
T/2
Example 4 Calculates: i) the DC voltage obtained from a center tapped full wave rectifier for which the peak of rectified voltage is 100V ii) the PIV developed across the diode h d l d h di d
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2b) Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Require four diodes, transformer and resistor VDC = 0.636 Vm
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (1) - Operations

Positive half cycle of Vi : D2 & D3 ON
D1 D2
D3
D4
Advantages of FWBR not used of the center tapped transformer and it requires a center-tapped maximum voltage of Vi across the transformer. PIV required of each diode is half of the center tapped full wave circuit. circuit
Negative half cycle of Vi : D1 & D4 ON

D1 D2
D3
D4
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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (2) - Operations

Positive half cycle of Vi : D1 & D2 ON
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier - Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

KVL : PIV- Vm=0 PIV = Vm
Negative half cycle of Vi : D3 & D4 ON
Summary of Rectifier Circuits

Rectifier Half W H lf Wave Rectifier R tifi Bridge Rectifier Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier VDC VDC = 0 318(V ) 0.318(Vm) VDC = 0.636(Vm) VDC = 0.636(Vm) PIV Vm Vm 2Vm
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Updated May 2011
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Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators)

Transformer To step up or step down or isolate the input voltage Rectifier Diodes that convert the AC to DC voltage (half wave or full wave) Filter Example capacitor. Use to filter the rectified signal from rectifier to produce a DC voltage with some ripples or AC voltage variation. variation Regulator To maintain a constant output voltage with less ripple but remain the same DC value.
Filters
Is smoothing circuit which to obtain a smoother DC signal Types 1) RC filter, 2) L filter, 3) LC filter, 4) -type filter
Basic Capacitor Filter

Capacitor is most commonly used of basic filter. Simply capacitor, C connected in parallel with the load resistance.
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Ripples voltage occur when capacitor quickly charges at beginning of a cycle and slowly discharges after the positive peak (when ) reverse bias) DC voltage derive from an AC source signal after rectifying and filtering will have some ripples/variations. Output voltage known as ripples voltage, Vr Vr(p-p) peak-to-peak ripples voltage
Ripples Voltage
Ripples Voltage (contd)

DC voltage derive from an AC source signal after rectifying and filtering will have some ripples/variations.
1 Vd = Vm Vr ( p p ) dc 2 I = Vm dc FW 4 fC
AC
DC
= Vm
I dc 2 fC
HW
where : Vrms =
Vp 2
Vm 2
Vr variation in Vo due to charge and discharge
Vr ( rms ) = Vr ((rms ) =
Approximate output voltage of capacitor filter circuit
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I dc Vdc = 4 3 fC 4 3 fCRL Vr ( p p ) 2 3
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Ripples Factor, r pp ,
Smaller ripple respect to dc level meaning better filter circuit.
Exercise
1. 2.
What is the ripple factor of a sinusoidal signal having peak ripple (Vr(p)) of 2V on an average (Vdc) of 50V? Answer : 2.31% The 35 Vrms ac voltage Vs is derived from an ideal 60Hz main transformer. It is connected to a half-wave rectifier and a 220F capacitor to form a dc power supply. If the load RL draws an average current 0.15A, determine: i. the peak-to-peak capacitor ripple voltage Answer : Vr(pp) = 5.6V ii. the average or dc voltage across the load Answer : Vdc = 43.86V iii. the percentage ripple factor, %r. Answer : 12.8%
Ripple factor, r ripple voltage in rms %r = X 100% DC voltage Vr ( rms ) = X 100% Vdc
where Vr ( rms ) =
Vr ( p p ) 2 3
Norsabrina Sihab
Ripples factor, r is also depends to the load, RL Light load Vdc Vm. Therefore very small ripple factor and capacitor filter provides large DC voltage Vdc. voltage, Heavy load Vdc < Vm. Therefore bigger ripple factor and capacitor filter provides smaller DC voltage, Vdc.
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CLIPPERS
Basically to clipped-off/eliminate a portion of an AC signal voltage above or below specific range. HW rectifier is a basic clipper. Functions: 1. Altering the shape of the output waveform 2. Circuit transient protection 3. Detection 2 types : 1) series clipper, 2) parallel (shunt) clipper clipper
1a) Negative Series Clipper

Clipped off half negative cycle. Diode forward bias during positive cycle of Vi. VT is transition voltage (VT=VDC+Vdiode) voltage. V
1) Series Clipper
2 types : a) negative series clipper, b) positive series clipper clipper The diode in a series clipper circuit clips any voltage that does not forward bias it: A reverse-biasing polarity bi i l it A forward-biasing polarity less than 0.7V for a silicon diode
Updated May 2011
During positive half cycle VT=Vdc+VD=4V if Vi VT diode will OFF. OFF Vo=0V. If Vi > VT diode will ON. KVL : Vi 4 Vo =0. Vo=Vi-VT=16V
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1a) Negative Series Clipper (contd)

During negative half cycle. Diode is OFF for all value of Vi. d f ll l f VO=0V. Final output
Vi 20 VT=4V 4V
1b) Positive Series Clipper

Clipped off half positive cycle. Diode forward bias during negative cycle of Vi.
- 20
Vo 16 6
During positive half cycle Diode is OFF for all value of Vi. VO=0V.
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1b) Positive Series Clipper (contd)

During negative half cycle. VT=- 4 VD=- 4V 4-V if lVil lVTl diode OFF. Vo=0V. If lVil > lVTl diode ON. KVL : Vi +Vo- 4 =0. Vo= - Vi+4=-20+4=-16V Final output
Vi 20
2a) Negative Parallel Clipper

The operation is opposite series clipper.
Vi 20 + Si Vi 5V - 20 Vo R +
VT= - 4V - 20
Vo
During positive half cycle Diode is OFF for all value of Vi. VO=Vi=20V
Vi 20 +
R + Si
-16
Vi 5V -
Vo
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2a) Negative Parallel Clipper (contd)

During negative half cycle VT = -0.7-5 = -5.7V if l il l Tl f lV lV diode d d OFF. Vo=Vi If lVil> lVTl diode ON. KVL : Vo +0.7+5 =0 Vo = VT = -5.7V
R Vi 0.7V Vi 5V - 20 + Vo +
2b) Positive Parallel Clipper

Vi 20 + Si Vi 5V - 20 Vo R +
Final output
During positive half cycle VT- Vdc- VD = 0. VT=5.7V If Vi VT diode OFF. Vo=Vi. If Vi > VT diode ON. KVL : Vo-0 7-5 =0 -0.7-5 =0. Vo=5.7V
Vi 20 +
R + 0.7 Vi 5V Vo
- 20
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2b) Positive Parallel Clipper (contd)

During negative half cycle. Diode is OFF for all value of Vi. VO=Vi.
Test 1 Apr 2010 Q2c
Final output
Vi 20 VT
- 20 Vo 20
- 20
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Combination of Negative and Positive Parallel Clipper

Vi 10 + Si Vi 5V - 10 7.7V Ge Vo R +
Combination of Negative and Positive Parallel Clipper (contd) Cli ( d)

Final Output p
Vi 10 VT=5.7V 5 7V
During positive half cycle DG OFF for all value of Vi Ge DSi ON conditionally VT=VDSi+5=5.7V If Vi VT DSi OFF OFF. Vo=Vi. If Vi > VT DSi ON. Vo=5.7V
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VT= - 8V
During negative half cycle

DSi DGe OFF for all value of Vi ON conditionally VT = -VDGe-7.7 = -8V 8
- 10
Vo 10 5.7V
If |Vi| |VT| DGe OFF. Vo=Vi. If |Vi| > | T| | |V DGe ON. Vo+0.3+7.7=0 Vo=-8V
Updated May 2011
-8V - 10
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Test 1 August 2009 Q3b
Summary of Clipper Circuit
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CLAMPERS
To clamp or shift a signal to a different DC level Circuit consist of C,D and R
1) Negative Clamper (contd)

During negative half cycle Final Output
Vi 20
1) Negative Clamper
- 20
During positive half cycle Step 1: Find polarity of VC Step 2: Determine VO using KVL at o/p Vo VD+VDC= 0 V Vo=0.7-5= - 4.3V Step 3: Determine value of VC Vi-Vc-Vo=0 Vc=24.3V
Norsabrina Sihab
Step 1: Determine Vo using KVL at i/p Vi+Vo+Vc=0 Vo=ViVc= 20 24.3= 44.3V
Vo - 4.3V
- 44.3
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2) Positive Clamper
Vi 20 + Si Vi 5V - 20 R Vo C +
2) Positive Clamper (contd)

During positive half cycle Step 1: Find polarity of Vo Vi+Vc-Vo=0 Vo=20+14.3= 44.3V Final Output
Vi 20
During negative half cycle (because Diode ON at this cycle) Step 1: Find polarity of VC Step 2: Determine VO using KVL at o/p Vo+ VD- VDC= 0 Vo= 5 - 0.7= 4.3V Step 3: Determine VC using KVL at i/p Vi+VDCVDVC=0 V V 0 VC=Vi+VDCVD=24.3V
- 20 Vo 44.3
4.3
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Example Design a Clamper

Designed a clamper circuit to produce output voltage, Vo. Use silicon diode in your design. KVL: +Vo-0.7-5=0 Vo=+5.7V KVL: Vi Vc Vo=0 Vc=Vi-Vo=15 - 5.7=9.3V During negative cycle Solution During D i positive cycle iti l Propose design clamper circuit which D ON during positive cycle. =5.7V cycle Vo=5 7V KVL: +Vi+Vo+Vc=0 Vo= - 15 - 9.3= - 24.3V
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Summary of Clamper Circuit
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Test 1 August 2010 Q3b
Voltage Multiplier
Function use clamping action to increase peak rectified voltage without the necessity of increasing the transformers voltage rating. A voltage doubler is similar to the peak-to-peak detector but uses rectifier diodes instead of small-signal diodes. Types Voltage Doubler (multiply the input peak by factors of 2), Voltage Tripler (multiply the input peak by factors of 3) and Voltage Quardrupler (multiply the input peak by factors of 4) Application in high voltage, low current, high frequencies. Eg Chathode-ray tubes (CRTs), particle accelerators etc.
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Voltage Doubler
Half-wave voltage doubler
T1 Feb09 Q3a
VP C1
D1 D2 C2 2VP
During positive cycle : D1 on, D2 Off. C1 charged to the Vp. During negative cycle : D2 on, D1 off. C1 cant discharge ff di h so Vp on C1 adds the supply voltage to charge C2 to approximately 2Vp.
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D1 D2 VP VP

Full-wave voltage doubler
Voltage Doubler (contd)
C1 C2 2VP
During positive cycle : D1 on, D2 Off. C1 charged to the Vp. During negative cycle : D2 on, D1 off. C2 charges to approx Vp. Output across the two series capacitors approximately 2Vp.
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Voltage Tripler
By connecting another diode-capacitor section to the voltage doubler creates a voltage tripler. First two sections act a doubler. Positive cycle : C1 charge to Vp thru D1. Negative cycle : C2 charge 2Vp thru D2. Next positive cycle : C3 charges to 2Vp thru D3. Tripler output is taken across C1 and C3.
Voltage Quadrupler
By connecting another diode-capacitor section. First two sections act a doubler. Positive cycle : C1 charge to Vp thru D1. Negative cycle : C2 charge 2Vp thru D2. Next positive cycle : C3 charges to 2Vp thru D3. Next negative cycle : C4 charges to 2Vp thru D4 Quardrupler output is taken across C2 and C4.
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Exercise
Figure below shows another kind of power supply known as voltage multiplier. lti li i. Determine the peak values of output voltages available at the two terminals indicated as Vo1 and Vo2 if the secondary volatage of the transformer is 120 Vrms. ii. ii Calculate th C l l t the required PIV rating of each diode in this voltage i d ti f h di d i thi lt multiplier circuit. Show suitable equivalent circuits and equations to justify the calculations. Assume ideal diodes. (8 marks)
ZENER REGULATOR
IDZ is opposite from ID which is designed to work in reverse bias. Application : Regulator
+ V VZ > V > 0 DZ will OFF
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ZENER REGULATOR (contd)

Simplest regulator as shown in figure below. 3 conditions of Vi and load resistance, RL to maintain designed zener voltage: 1. Vi and RL fixed 2. Vi fixed and RL variable 3. Vi variable and RL fixed
1. Fixed Vi and Fixed RL

Step 1: Determine the state of the zener diode by removing it from the network. network Calculate voltage across the resulting open circuit. Step 2: Substitute appropriate equivalent circuit
VL = Vz KCL : I R = I Z + I L IZ = IR IL
VDR : V = VL = RLVi R + RL
(1)
V V V VL where I L = L and I R = R = i h d R R RL power dissipated by zener diode : Pz = I zVz
if V VZ ( DZ ON ) if V < VZ ( DZ OFF )
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2. Fixed Vi and Variable RL

Specific range of RL to turn ON DZ
since R L is minimum, therefore I L is maximum I L max = VL V = Z RL RL min VZ R L max
3. Fixed RL and Variable Vi

Vi must be sufficiently large to turn DZ Min lt Mi voltage to turn ON i t t is Vi=Vimin The max of Vimax is limited by the max zener current, IZM
and I Lmin =
VDR : V = VL = RLVi R + RL
IR max = I ZM + IL Vi max = VR max + VZ
Vi VZ = VR IR =
Once DZ ON, VR remains fixed
VDR : VL = VZ = RLVi R + RL
VZ ( RL + R ) = RLVi VZ ( RL + R) = Vi RL R VZ (1 + ) = Vi RL R Vi VZ = RL VZ so RL min = RVZ Vi VZ
since VR is fixed, I R also fixed VR R KCL : I R = I Z + I L so I Z = I R I L resulting I Zmin when I Lmax and I Zmax when I Lmin because I R is constant I Lmin = I R - I ZM
Electronics 1
VZ ( RL + R) = RLVi Vi min = RL + R VZ RL
&
R Lmax =
VZ I Lmin
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Exercise
1) Determine VL,VR, IZ and PZ.
Answer: 10V, 10V,6.3mA, 63mW
3) Determine range of Vi that will maintain zener diode in ON state. A Answer: 23.67V ~ 36.8V 23 67V 36 8V
2)
a) Determine the range of RL and

IL that will result in VRL being maintained at 10V Answer: 250 ~
1.2k, 1 2k 8mA ~ 40mA
b) Determine the max wattage

rating of DZ.
Answer: 32mW Electronics 1
Updated May 2011
Norsabrina Sihab

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Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 : DIODE APPLICATIONS p

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Diode in Series with DC Supply

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Example 1 Determine ID, VR and Vo.

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Example 2 Determine V1, V2, Vo and ID

Diode in Parallel with DC supply

Updated May 2011

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Half Wave Rectifier (contd)

) 1) Half Wave Rectifier

Vm [ cos ] 0 2 V = m [ cos ( cos 0)] 2 V = m

Vo Vm Vdc=0 318V 0.318V

Basic rectifier circuit

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Half Wave Rectifier - Operations

Half Wave Rectifier - Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

Negative half cycle of Vi

Updated May 2011

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

2) Full Wave Rectifier

2a) Full Wave Center Tapped Rectifier ) pp

Updated May 2011

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Full Wave Center Tapped Rectifier - Operations pp p

Center Tapped Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

Negative half cycle of Vi D1 OFF & D2 ON OFF ON

Updated May 2011

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

2b) Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (1) - Operations

Negative half cycle of Vi : D1 & D4 ON

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (2) - Operations

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier - Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

Negative half cycle of Vi : D3 & D4 ON

Summary of Rectifier Circuits

Updated May 2011

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Chapter 2 Diode Applications

Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators)

Basic Capacitor Filter