Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Students Technology Symposium 3-4 April 2010, IIT Kharagpur

CASCADED 5-LEVEL INVERTER TYPE DSTATCOM FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Abstract: In energy transmission systems, effective equipments on power control are generally known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS). In addition, the power electronics-based equipment, which are called power conditioners are use to solve power quality problems. Since the topologies of these equipments are similar to those used in FACTS equipment, power conditioners are also called Distribution FACTS (DFACTS). DSTATCOM is one such power conditioner used for improving power quality. This study proposes a cascaded multilevel inverter type DSTATCOM to compensate voltage sags in utility voltages in power distribution network. The proposed DSTATCOM is implemented using multilevel topology with isolated dc energy storage. The phase shifted PWM technique is described to generate firing pulses to cascaded inverter. The proposed controller adopts itself to the sag and provides effective means of mitigating the voltage sags with the minimum harmonics at the utility end. The proposed concept will be simulated using MATLAB simulink environment. The simulink results will be presented to verify the performance of the proposed multilevel DSTATCOM. Keywords: D-STATCOM, multilevel, mitigation, voltage sags.

Bridge cells are normally connected in cascade on their ac side to achieve medium-voltage operation and low harmonics distortion. The CHB inverter using v multilevel topology offers the following advantages. Its structure will be simple and requires fewer components Simplicity of structure so the packaging layout is much easier. To reaches high voltage and reduce harmonics by their own structure. Generates multistep staircase voltage waveform similar to pure sinusoidal output voltage by increasing the number of levels. A new PWM-based control scheme has been implemented to control the electronic values in the two-level VSC used in the D-STATCOM [3-4] various control strategies have been proposed for voltage source PWM converters mainly [5-10] The Multilevel inverters require advanced PWM strategies like level shift, phase-shift or phase deposition. Among these PWM strategies phase-shifted PWM is described in this paper. The paper is divided as per the following sections. Section-I gives the overview of the total project. Section-II presents the description of DSTATCOM. Modulation strategy is described in section-III. Section-IV & V depicts the description of the test system and simulation results. Finally conclusions are presented in section VI. II. SHUNT [DISTRIBUTION (DSTATCOM)] VOLTAGE STATIC CONTROLLER COMPENSATOR

1. INTRODUCTION Voltage sags are one of the most dominating power quality assets, which dragged the attention of many researchers as the sensitivity of loads are increasing due extensive usage of power electronic devices. Fault at distribution level, sudden increase of loads, motor starting are some of the causes of the voltage sags. Such sudden variations of voltage are undesirable for sensitive loads. These undesirable voltage sags can be mitigated by connecting controlled devices either in series or shunt to the load. A few of such devices are dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator). Both these devices require voltage source converters to satisfactory operation. Many topologies have been proposed in recent past for voltage source converters. Multilevel inverter has drawn attention of many researchers. There are three topologies of multilevel inverters-cascaded, flying capacitor and diode clamped, each having its own advantages in various applications. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of the popular converter topologies used in high-power-medium-voltage (MV) drives. H-Bridge cascaded inverter [1] is one of the popularly used converter topology. The cascaded inverter type dynamic voltage restorer with neural control strategy is proposed [2] The H-

The principle of shunt voltage controller is fig1. The actual controller has the same configuration as the series controller. But instead of injecting the voltage difference between the load and the system, a current is injected which pushes up the voltage at the load terminals. The load voltage during the sag is the superposition of voltage due to the system and the voltage change due to controller. A DSTATCOM does not contain any active power storage and thus only injects or draws reactive power. Limited voltage sag mitigation is possible with the injection of reactive power, but active power is needed if both magnitude and phase angle of the

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pre-event voltage needs to be kept constant. A DSTATCOM consist of a five-level voltage source converter (VSC), an isolated dc energy sources and coupling transformer connected in shunt to the distribution network. The dc voltage across the storage device in to a set of three-phase ac output voltage by using VSC converters. These voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac system through the reactance of the coupling transformer. A multifunction topology which can be drawn from VSC connected in shunt with the ac system.
Vs jXth R V

voltage correction can be achieved with minimum apparent power injection in to the system. III. CONTROLLER The aim of the control scheme is to maintain constant voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive load is connected, under system disturbances. The control system only measures the r.m.s voltage at the load point, i.e., no reactive power measurements are required. The VSC switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and good response. Since custom power is a relatively low-power application, PWM methods offer a more flexible option than the Fundamental Frequency Switching (FFS) methods favored in FACTS applications. Besides, high switching frequencies can be used to improve on the efficiency of the converter, without incurring significant switching losses. The controller input is an error signal obtained from the reference voltage and the value rms of the terminal voltage measured. Such error is processed by a PI controller the output is the angle , which is provided to the PWM signal generator. It is important to note that in this case, indirectly controlled converter, there is active and reactive power exchange with the network simultaneously: an error signal is obtained by comparing the reference voltage with the rms voltage measured at the load point. The PI controller process the error signal generates the required angle to drive the error to zero, i.e., the load rms voltage is brought back to the reference voltage.

I
Voltage source converter

PL+JQ

Energy

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of DSTATCOM

The multifunction topology can be achieved from VSC connected in shunt with the ac system which can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes. Power factor correction Current harmonics elimination Voltage regulation and compensate of reactive power Fig.1 the shunt injected current Ish corrects the voltage sag by adjusting the voltage drop across the system impedance Zth. The value of Ish can be controlled by adjusting the output voltage of the converter. The shunt injected current Ish can be written as
Ish = I L - IS = I L V th - V L z th

Vset

PI

VT
Figure 2: PI controller for DSTATCOM

(1)

I sh = I L

V th V ( ) + L - Z th Z th
Figure 3: Generation of reference control signals for PWM controller

The complex power injection of the DSTATCOM can be expressed as

(2)

IV. MODULATION STRATEGY Usually stair case modulation is commonly used for cascaded H-bridge converters. For SCM, the switching instants of each module are calculated offline to attenuate certain harmonics In that case dc link voltage has to be varied in accordance to the desired ac output voltage. Due to bulk dc link voltage

In DSTATCOM the voltage sag correction depends on the value of Zth (or) fault level of the load bus. The desired voltage correction can be achieved without injected any active power in to the system. When Ish minimized, the same

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dynamic response slows down. As the voltage sag duration ranges from half cycle to 30 cycles, fast dynamic response is required for the DVR application. Based on this consideration, Phase shifted PWM modulation scheme is adopted to maintain a relatively constant dc link voltage while achieving the fast dynamic response required of the output voltage by varying modulation index Multilevel inverters require carrier based modulation schemes due to higher levels. The carrier-based modulation schemes for multilevel inverters are classified as phaseshifted and level-shifted modulations. Multilevel inverter with m voltage levels requires (m-1) triangular carriers. In the phase-shifted multicarrier modulation, all the triangular carriers have the same frequency and the peak-peak amplitude with phase shift between any two adjacent carrier waves given by

The modulating angle is applied to the PWM generators in phase A. The angles for phases B and C are shifted by 2400 and 1200, respectively. It can be seen in that the control implementation is kept very simple by using only voltage measurements as the feedback variable in the control scheme. The speed of response and robustness of the control scheme are clearly shown in the simulation results. The voltage level and switching state of the five level CHB (Cascaded Hbridge inverter) is as shown in the Table
Table 1. Voltage level & switching state of multilevel inverter Switching State Output Voltage Van S11 S31 S12 S32 Vh1 Vh2 2E 1 0 1 0 E E E 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 E E 0 0 0 0 0 0 E -E -E -E 0 0 -E 0 0 E E 0 0 0 0 -E E 0 0 -E -E -E

cr =

360o ( m 1)

(3)

The sinusoidal signal Vcontrol is phase-modulated by means of the angle . i.e., VA = Sin (t +) VB=Sin (t+-2/3) VC = Sin (t ++2/3) The modulated signal Vcontrol is compared against a phase shifted triangular signals in order to generate the switching signals for the VSC valves. The Fig. 2 shows the pulses for one phase. The main parameters of the phase shifted PWM scheme are the amplitude modulation index of signal, and the frequency modulation index of the triangular signal.

-E

-2E

V. TEST SYSTEM Single line diagram of the test system for DVR is shown in Figure-4 and the test system employed to carry out the simulations for DSTATCOM is shown in Fig.5. Such system is composed by a 13 kV, 50 Hz generation system, feeding two transmission lines through a 3-winding transformer connected in Y//, 13/115/15 kV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through two transformers connected in /Y, 15/11 kV

Figure 4: Phase-Shifted PWM pulses for one phase

The amplitude index is kept fixed at 1 pu, in order to obtain the highest fundamental voltage component at the controller output. Ma =
V control = 1p.u V tri

(4)

Where the peak amplitude of the control signal is the peak amplitude of the triangular signals The switching frequency is set at 2000 Hz. The frequency modulation index is given by (5) Mf = fs/f1 Where f1is the fundamental frequency
V tri V control is

Figure 2: Single line diagram of DSTATCOM

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scenario as above but now with the DVR in operation. The total simulation period is 1100ms.

Figure 6: Simulink model of DSTATCOM

To verify the working of a DSTATCOM employed to avoid voltage sags during short-circuit, a fault is applied at point X via resistance of 0.4. Such fault is applied for 100msec. The capacity of the dc storage is 2.5KV. Using facilities available in MATLAB/SIMULINK the DSTSATCOM is simulated to be in operation only for the duration of the fault as it is expected to be the case in practical situation. Power System Bock set for the use with Matlab Simulink is based on state-variable analysis and employs either variable or fixed integration-step algorithms. Fig shows the simulink model of DVR and Figure- 5shows the simulink model of the test system for DSTATCOM.

Figure 8. Load Voltage without DSTATCOM-voltage sag for 10 cycles

When the DVR is in operation the voltage sag is mitigated almost completely, and rms voltage at the sensitive load point is maintained at 98% as shown in figure-7. The total harmonic distortion is maintained at 0.05% at the load end.

Figure 9: Load voltage with DSATCOM with isolated dc voltage of 1.2KV

Figure 7: Subsystem of DSTATCOM.

Fig shows the subsystem of DSTATCOM. The reference control signals are generated considering the phase angle jump as shown in fig. 5.
Figure 10:Total harmonic distortion of LOAD VOLTAGE

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Simulation results of voltage during single line to ground fault The first simulation contains no DVR and a single line to ground fault is applied at point A in Figure-5 via a fault resistance of 0.2, during the period 500-900ms. The voltage sag at the load point is 30% with respect to the reference voltage. The second simulation is carried out using the same CONCLUSIONS The cascaded 5 level inverter topology has been presented for shunt active power filter (DSTATCOM). The advanced pulse width modulation technique (PSPWM) is used for 5 level inverter. The advantages of cascaded inverter in modeling of DSTATCOM are presented clearly. The following observations are made based on simulation results.

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With cascaded multilevel inverter dc voltage requirement can be reduced, i.e with low dc voltage higher ac voltages can be produced. As dc voltage requirement is less, the proposed topology is more economical. Filter at the output of the inverter can be eliminated with multilevel topology further reducing the cost of the filter. The total harmonic distortion is well within the acceptable limits. REFERENCES

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