*************************** SQL **************************************
** SQL Commands and Statements **
1. SELECT Statement
This SQL statement reads the data from the SQL database and shows it as the output
to the database user.
SELECT column_name1, column_name2, .…, column_nameN
[ FROM table_name ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ ORDER BY order_column_name1 [ ASC | DESC ], .... ];
2. UPDATE Statement - changes or modifies the stored data in the SQL database.
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name1 = new_value_1, column_name2 = new_value_2, ...., column_nameN =
new_value_N
[ WHERE CONDITION ];
3. DELETE Statement - deletes the stored data from the SQL database.
DELETE FROM table_name
[ WHERE CONDITION ];
4. CREATE TABLE Statement - creates the new table in the SQL database.
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type [column1 constraint(s)],
column_name2 data_type [column2 constraint(s)],
.....
.....,
column_nameN data_type [columnN constraint(s)],
PRIMARY KEY(one or more col)
);
5. ALTER TABLE Statement -- adds, deletes, and modifies the columns of the table in
the SQL database.
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype[(size)];
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_datatype[(size)];
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
6.DROP TABLE Statement -- deletes or removes the table and the structure, views,
permissions, and triggers associated with that table.
DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ]
table_name1, table_name2, ……, table_nameN;
7. CREATE DATABASE Statement -- creates the new database in the database management
system.
CREATE DATABASE database_name;
8. DROP DATABASE Statement -- deletes the existing database with all the data
tables and views from the database management system.
DROP DATABASE database_name;
9. INSERT INTO Statement -- inserts the data or records in the existing table of
the SQL database.
INSERT INTO table_name
(
column_name1,
column_name2, .…,
column_nameN
)
VALUES
(value_1,
value_2, ..…,
value_N
);
10. TRUNCATE TABLE Statement -- statement deletes all the stored records from the
table of the SQL database.
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
11. DESCRIBE Statement -- statement tells something about the specified table or
view in the query.
DESCRIBE table_name | view_name;
12. DISTINCT Clause - shows the distinct values from the specified columns of the
database table.
-- This statement is used with the SELECT keyword.
13. COMMIT Statement -- statement saves the changes permanently, which are done in
the transaction of the SQL database.
DELETE FROM Employee_details
WHERE salary = 30000;
COMMIT;
14. ROLLBACK Statement -- statement undo the transactions and operations which are
not yet saved to the SQL database.
DELETE FROM Employee_details
WHERE City = Mumbai;
ROLLBACK;
15. CREATE INDEX Statement -- creates the new index in the SQL database table.
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name ( column_name1, column_name2, …, column_nameN );
16. DROP INDEX Statement -- deletes the existing index of the SQL database table.
DROP INDEX index_name;
17. USE Statement -- selects the existing SQL database. Before performing the
operations on the database table
USE database_name;
*** DDL Commands -- Data Definition Language -- chnages the Structure of the table
1. Create
2. alter
3. Drop -- both Structure and remove the data
4. Truncate
5. Rename -- ALTER TABLE <OLD_TABLENAME> Rename to <NEW_TABLENAME>;
DML Commands - Data Manuplation Language -- used to modify the database. It is
responsible for all form of changes in the database.
1. Insert
2. Update
3. Delete
4. Select
*** Data Control Language -- grant and take back authority from any database user.
1. Grant -- GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;
2. Revoke -- It is used to take back permissions from the user.
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;
*** Transaction Control Language ****
-- Transactions are atomic i.e. either every statement succeeds or none of
statement succeeds.
-- TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
1.Commit
2. Rollback
***** SQL CLAUSES *****
-- etrieve a set or bundles of records from the table.
1. WHERE CLAUSE
-- WHERE clause in SQL is used with the SELECT query, which is one of the data
manipulation language commands.
-- WHERE clauses can be used to limit the number of rows to be displayed in the
result set
SELECT * FROM TABLENAME WHERE CONDITION;
2. GROUP BY CLAUSE - used to arrange similar kinds of records into the groups in
the Structured Query Language.
SELECT COUNT (E_ID) AS Number_of_Employees, Designation FROM employees GROUP BY
Designation;
3. HAVING CLAUSE -- any conditions on the table's column, use the HAVING clause
with the Group By clause for column conditions.
TABLENAME GROUP BY COLUMNNAME HAVING CONDITION;
4. ORDER BY CLAUSE - sort anything in SQL
SELECT COLUMN_NAME1, COLUMN_NAME2 FROM TABLE_NAME ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME DESC;
**************** SQL Constraints *******************
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table.
NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different -- but can hold the null
values
PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row
in a table-- Cannot hold the Null values
FOREIGN KEY - Prevents actions that would destroy links between tables
CHECK - Ensures that the values in a column satisfies a specific condition
DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if no value is specified
CREATE INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly
-- AUTO INCREMENT Field
Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated automatically when a new
record is inserted into a table.
CREATE TABLE Persons (
Personid int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (Personid)
);
*** SQL Date Data Types ***
DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD
DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
YEAR - format YYYY or YY
**** SQL CREATE VIEW Statement ****
-- a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
*********** SQL JOIN *******************
A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related
column between them.
1. (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
2. LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
3. RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched
records from the left table
4. FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or
right table
-- UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT
statements.
-- UNION operator selects only distinct values by default.
SELECT City FROM Customers
UNION
SELECT City FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
** To get all the duplicate values use union all
SELECT City FROM Customers
UNION ALL
SELECT City FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
