GSM Information
GSM Information
GSM Information
Korek Telecom is a shared limited company registered in Iraq to operate and provide GSM service in the capital of .Kurdistan-Erbil and province of Duhok On November 2000, the ministry of telecommunications has granted KOREK telecom 5 years exclusive GSM mobile license for operating a mobile network in the region covered by the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan (Erbil) and the .province Duhok Korek Telecom has attracted hundreds of employees and experts in the fields of engineering and cellular communications. With 350 employees, almost 100% Kurds, Korek Telecom is committed to drawing from local human resources as an engine for continued progress and .expansion Main Office Head quarter Korek Telecom .Kurdistan St . Pirmam , Erbil , Iraq HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
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The origins of mobile communications followed quickly behind the invention of radio in the late 1800s. The first applications of mobile radio were related to the navigation and safety of ships at sea. As radio concepts developed, so did its use as a communications tool. The major milestones in the development of wireless communications are summarized bellow: 1906 Reginald Fesseden successfully transmits human voice over radio. Up until that time, radio communications consisted of transmissions of Morse Code. 1915 J. A. Fleming invents the vacuum tube making it possible to build mobile radios. 1921 The Detroit police department used a 2 MHz frequency in the department's first vehicular mobile radio. The system was only one way and police had to find a wireline phone to respond to radio messages. 1930s Amplitude Modulation (AM) two-way mobile systems were in place in the U.S. that took advantage of newly developed mobile transmitters and utilized a "push-to-talk" or half-duplex transmission. By the end of the decade channel allocation grew from 11 to 40. 1935 Invention of Frequency Modulation (FM) improved audio quality. FM eliminated the need for large AM transmitters and resulted in radio equipment which required less power to operate. This made the use of transmitters in vehicles more practical. 1940s The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) recognized a communication service it classified as Domestic Public Land Mobile (DPLM) radio service. The first DPLM system was established in St. Louis in 1946 and it utilized the 150 MHz band. The following year, a "highway" system was developed along the New York - Boston corridor using the 35-40 MHz band. 1947: D.H. Ring, working at Bell Laboratories, envisions the cellular concept.
1948 Shockley, Bardeen and Brittain, at Bell Laboratories, invent the transistor which enables electronic equipment, including the radio to be miniaturized. 1949 Radio Common Carriers (RCCs) were recognized. 1949,1958 Bell Systems made broadband proposals. 1964 AT&T introduces Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS). 1968 The FCC began to address issue of new US spectrum requirements. 1969 Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland,Norway and Sweden agree to form a group to study and recommend areas of cooperation in telecommunication. This led to the standardization of telecommunications for all members of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) group, the first comprehensive international standardization group. 1973 The NMT group specifies a feature allowing mobile telephones to be located within and across networks. This feature would become the basis for roaming. 1979 The FCC authorized the installation and testing of the first developmental cellular system in the US (Illinois Bell Telephone Company). 1981 Ericsson launches the worlds first cellular system in Saudi Arabia based on the analog NMT 450 standard. 1991 The first digital cellular standard (GSM) is launched. 1998 The number of mobile subscribers world-wide has grown to over 200 million.
What is GSM?
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM differs from first generation wireless systems in that it uses digital technology and time division multiple access transmission methods. GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight 25kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands.
GSM 900:
Up link frequency is ( 890 - 915 ) Down link frequency (935 - 960 )
915
935
960
Mhz
GSM 1800:
Up link frequency (1710 - 1785 ) Down link frequency (1805 - 1880 ) 1710 1785 1805 1880 Mhz
In band 900
The GSM network is divided into two systems. Each of these systems are comprised of a number of functional units which are individual components of the mobile network. The two systems are: * Switching System (SS) * Base Station System (BSS) In addition, as with all telecommunications networks, GSM networks are operated, maintained and managed from computerized centers.
Abbreviations:
AUC AUthentication Center
Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Equipment Identity Register Home Location Register Mobile Station Mobile services Switching Center Network Management Center Operation and Maintenance Center Visitor Location Register
The SS is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related functions. It includes the following functional units: * Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) * Home Location Register (HLR) * Visitor Location Register (VLR) * AUthentication Center (AUC) * Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
The BSS performs all the radio-related functions. The BSS is comprised of the following functional units:
* Base Station Controller (BSC) * Base Transceiver Station (BTS) The OMC performs all the operation and maintenance tasks for the network such as monitoring network traffic and network alarms. The OMC has access to both the SS and the BSS. MSs do not belong to any of these systems.
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is an optional register. Its purpose is to register IMEIs of mobile stations in use. By implementing the EIR the network provider can blacklist malfunctioning MSs or even receive reports to the operations centre when stolen mobile stations are used to make calls.
The Base Transciever Station(BTS)or(RBS): The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the entity corresponding to one site communicating with the Mobile Stations. Usually, the BTS will have an antenna with several TRXs (radio transceivers) that each communicate on one radio frequency. The link-level signaling on the radio-channels is interpreted in the BTS, whereas most of the higher-level signaling is forwarded to the BSC and MSC.
:Types of BTS
1. Indoor
2. 3.
Outdoor
Indoor BTS: 2202 2208 utdoor BTS: 2106 2111 12 TRX 6 TRX 6 TRX 12 TRX O
Note: RBS
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CDU: combine and distribution unit. BBS: battery backup station. 2202 TRU 6 CDU 3 BBS no Cooling system no link external
2206 12 3 no no external
Channel:
We can determine the no. of channel. For example every BTS need (12) frequency 12 * 8 (Ts) =94 1 in 94 is BCCH (brod cast channel) 1 in 94 is SDCCH (massage)
Types of antenna:
Korek telecom company use these type of antenna: 1. sector antenna x-pol v-pol
2. Omni antenna
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Link:
It is data transfer from a point (control) to another point.
Outdoor:
1. 2. 3. Dish. Radio. Cable.
Indoor:
1. Rack.
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2. 3. 4. 5.
Dish:
Use dish with diameter (0.3, 0.6) m for short distance. Use dish with diameter (1.2, 1.8) m for long distance.
Radio:
city. Use (28, 25, 23, 21)Ghz for inside the city. Use (18)Ghz for short distance outside the Use (7.5)Ghz for long distance.
it means
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Each of the carrier frequencies are divided into 8 logical channels, using TDMA. A TDMA frame contains one time-frame from each of the eight channels, and lasts 4.615 ms. The time-frames from each channel lasts 0.577 ms. The total bitrate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, whereas the bitrate for each channel is 22.8 kbit/s.
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Handover :
Handover procedures are defined for each of the following cases: Intra-cell handover. The connections is transferred to another channel on the same BTS. Intern inter-cell handover. The connection is transferred to another BTS on the same BSC. MSC intern handover. The connection is transferred between BTSs belonging to two different BSCs within one MSC. MSC extern handover. The connection is transferred to a BTS within another MSC.
FREQUENCY CONCEPTS:
The following table summarizes the frequency-related specifications of each of the GSM systems. The terms used in the table are explained in the remainder of this section.
System
P-GSM 900
E-GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 1900
Frequencies: Uplink Downlink Wavelength Bandwidth Duplex Distance Carrier Separation Radio Channels1 Transmission Rate
890-915 MHz 935-960 MHz ~ 33 cm 25 MHz ` 45 MHz 200 kHz 125 270 kbits/s
1710-1785MHz 1805-1880 MHz ~ 17 cm 75 MHz 95 MHz 200 kHz 375 270 kbits/s
1850-1910 MHz 1930-1990 MHz ~ 16 cm 60 MHz 80 MHz 200 kHz 300 270 kbits/s
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