Python Bootcamp

Contents
Section 1: Syntax......................................................................................2
Topic 1.1: Basic syntax.............................................................................2
Topic 1.2: Conversion Syntax....................................................................2
Topic 1.4: List, Dictionary, and Tuple Syntax............................................3
Topic 1.5: Function Syntax........................................................................5
Topic 1.6: Class Syntax.............................................................................5
Topic 1.7: Basic External File Syntax........................................................6
Topic 1.8: Pandas Module Syntax.............................................................6
Topic 1.9: GUI Syntax................................................................................7
Topic 1.10: Catching Exception Syntax..................................................10
Topic 1.12: JSON Syntax........................................................................10
Topic 1.13: SMTP (Single Mail Transfer Protocol) Module Syntax...........11
Topic 1.14: Datetime Module Syntax.....................................................11
Topic 1.15: API Requests Syntax............................................................11
Topic 1.16: Other Syntax.......................................................................11
Section 2:..................................................................................................12
Topic 2.1: Data Types and Operators......................................................12
Topic 2.2: Terminology............................................................................12
Topic 2.3: Object Oriented Programming................................................13
Section 1: Syntax

Topic 1.1: Basic syntax

- Print:
print(f“value {variable} {variable} \“value\” ”)
- Ask input from user:
Input(“prompt”)
- To find out number of letters or value in variable:
len(value_or_variable)
- To check type of data from a variable:
print(type(variable))
- If and else condition:
if condition:
syntax
elif condition:
syntax
else:
syntax
- Counting specific value on variable:
variable.count(value)
- Generate random integer from specific range of integer:
import random
random.randint(int_start, int_end)
- Generate random integer from specific range of float:
import random
random.uniform(flt_start, flt_end)
- Generate random floating number from 0 to 1:
Import random
random.random()
- Generate random variable in a list:
Import random
random.choice(variable)
- Replace the word in variable:
variable = variable.replace(“word_to_be_replaced”,
“word_replacement”)
- Remove spaces at the beginning and at the end of the string:
variable = variable.strip()
- Sum, max, min integer or float:
sum(variable) or max(variable) or min(variable)

Topic 1.2: Conversion Syntax

- To define, converse, or cast one value data type to other data type:
 variable = data_type(value)
- To round float number:
Round to nearest integer:
round(value, number_of_decimal_places)
Roundup:
import math
math.ceil(value)
- Converting string to lower case:
value.lower()
- Converting string to upper case:
value.upper()
- Converting first alphabet of string to upper case:
value.capitalize()
- Converting first alphabet of every word to upper case:
value.title()

Topic 1.3: Loop Syntax

- For loop:
for value in list:
syntax
- While loop:
while condition:
syntax
change_condition

Topic 1.4: List, Dictionary, and Tuple Syntax

- Create a list values in one variable:
variable = [value, value]
- Create a nested list in one variable:
variable = [variable, variable]
- Add another value to a variable:
Add one value:
variable.append(value)
Add more than one value:
variable.extend([value, value])
Add value on specific list position:
variable.insert(list_position, value)
- Remove value in a list:
Remove specific value:
variable.remove(value)
Remove last value or specific value best on location in variable:
variable.pop(location_number)
- Split a value into a list of value:
 Split value based on space or other value:
variable = variable.split(value_separator)
Split value based on each char:
variable = list(variable)
- Provide list of value from a range of integer:
range(int_start, int_end_plus_1, distance_between_integer)
- Shuffle a list and recombine them:
import random
random.shuffle(variable)
shuffled_variable = “separator‘’.join(variable)
- Creating list comprehension:
new_list = [new_value for value in list if condition]
- Finding index number of certain value in a list:
new_variable = variable.index(value)
- Creating dictionary:
variable = {key: [value, value], key: [value, value]}
- Print value of one key in the dictionary:
print(variable[key])
- Print all key in the dictionary:
for variable in dictionary_variable:
print(variable)
- Print all key and value in the dictionary:
for variable in dictionary_variable.items():
print(variable)
- Print all value in the dictionary:
for (key, value) in dictionary_variable.items():
print(value)
- Add new key and value to dictionary or edit existing dictionary:
variable[key] = value
- Creating nested dictionary:
variable = [{key: [value, value], key: value}, {key: [value,
value], key: value}]
- Print value of one key in the nested dictionary:
print(variable[key][key][index])
- Add new dictionary to a nested dictionary or edit existing dictionary:
new_variable = [{key: value}, {key: value}]
variable.append(new_variable)
- Creating dictionary comprehension:
new_dictionary = {new_key:new_value for (key, value) in
dict.items() if condition}
- Creating tuple:
tuple = (value, value, value)
- Slicing sequence(list, tuple, etc):
 sequence[start:stop:step]

Topic 1.5: Function Syntax

- Make function and call function:
def function(parameter = default_value, parameter =
default_value):
syntax
return output
function(parameter = argument, parameter = argument)
- Make function that allow unlimited positional argument and call the
function:
def function(*args):
for n in args:
syntax
return output
function(argument, argument, argument)
- Make function that allow unlimited keyword argument and call the
function:
def function(**kwargs):
variable = kwargs.get(parameter)  .get means if the
parameter not exist, syntax
the output will be none instead of error.
return output
function(parameter = argument, parameter = argument)
- Calling and changing global variable attribute in function:
def function():
global variable
variable = value

Topic 1.6: Class Syntax

- Creating and using class (first alphabet in the blueprint name needs
to be capitalize):
Creating class with attributes and method:
class Blueprint:
def __init__(self, parameter, parameter):
self.attribute = parameter
self.attribute = parameter
def function(self, parameter):
parameter.attribute = value
self.attribute = value
Using class and method:
object = Blueprint(argument, argument)
object.function(parameter)
 - Creating class inheritance:
class Blueprint(superclass):
def __init__ (self):
super().__init__()
self.superclass_function(value)
def function(self, parameter):
super().function()

Topic 1.7: Basic External File Syntax

- Interacting with external file syntax (“with” make sure that the file is
closed after used):
with open(“file_name.extension”, “w” or “a”) as variable:
variable = variable.read()
variable.write(value)
or
variable = open(“file_name.extension”, “r” or “w” or “a”)
variable = variable.read()
variable.write(value)
variable.close()
- Return all lines in the file as a list:
variable = open(“file_name.extension”)
variable = variable.readlines()
- Interacting with CSV file syntax:
Import csv
with open(“file_name.extension”, “w” or “a”) as variable:
variable = csv.read(variable)

Topic 1.8: Pandas Module Syntax

- Importing pandas module:
import pandas
- Creating DataFrames:
Creating DataFrames from dictionary:
dictionary_variable = {key: [value, value], key: [value, value]}
variable = pandas.dataframe(dictionary_variable)
Creating DataFrames from CSV file:
variable = pandas.read_csv(“file.csv”)
- Selecting a column:
Selecting single column:
variable[“key or column”]
Selecting multiple column:
variable[[“key or column”, “key or column”]]
- Selecting row:
Selecting specific row based on row numbers:
 variable.iloc[int:int]
Selecting rows by condition:
variable[variable[“key or column”] condition]
- Column manipulation:
Adding a new column:
variable[“key or column”] = [value, value]
Modifying an existing column:
variable[“key or column”] = value
Dropping column:
variable = variable.drop(columns=[“key or column”])
Renaming column:
variable = variable.rename(columns={“key or column”:
new_name})
- Grouping and aggregating data:
Group by a column and compute the mean or max or sum:
variable = variable.groupby(“key or column”).mean() or max()
or sum()
Group by multiples columns and compute the mean or max or sum:
variable = variable.groupby([“key or column”, “key or
column”]).mean() or max() or sum()
- Writing data to a file:
Write DataFrame to a CSV file:
variable.to_csv(“file.csv”, index = False)
Write DataFrame to a excel file:
variable.to_excel(“file.xlsx”, index = False)
- For loop using Pandas library dataframe:
for (index, row) in data_frame.iterrows():
print(row.index)
- Dictionary comprehension using Pandas library dataframe:
dictionary = {df[“key”]: df[“value”] for (index, df) in
variable.iterrows()
if condition}
- Create nested dictionary using Pandas library dataframe:
dictionary = variable.to_dict(orient=”records”)

Topic 1.9: GUI Syntax

- Create GUI:
from tkinter import *
Create GUI window:
variable = Tk()
variable.title(value)
variable.minsize(width_value, height_value)
variable.config(padx=int, pady=int, bg=background_color)
 def function(*args):
print(args)
variable_1 = variable.after(int, function, *args)
variable.after_cancel(variable_1)
syntax
variable.mainloop()
Create Canvas Widget:
variable = Canvas(width=int, height=int,
bg=background_color,
highlightthickness=int)
variable_1 = PhotoImage(file=“image_file”)
variable_2 = variable.create_image(x_location, y_location,
image=variable_1)
variable.create_text(x_location, y_lovation, text=value,
font=(font_type,
font_size, font_model), fill=color, width=int)
variable.itemconfig(variable_2, image=new_image,
text=value)
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)
- Create component inside GUI windows:
Create label:
variable = Label(text=value, font=(font_type, font_size,
font_model), fg=color)
variable.config(text=value, bg=color)
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n” padx=int, pady=int)

Create button:
variable_1 = PhotoImage(file=“image_file”)
variable = Button(text= value, command=syntax_or_function,
image=
variable_1, highlightthickness=int)
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)

variable.destroy()

Create input entry bar:

variable = Entry(width=int)
 variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)
variable.insert(0 or END, string=“begin_text”)
variable.focus()
variable.delete(0, END)
variable.get()  to get the string of the input but only can be
done when the
input had been made (needs to be combined
with button)
Create text:
variable = Text(height=int, width=int)
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)
variable.focus()  put cursor in the textbox
variable.insert(0 or END, “begin_text”)
variable.get(“line.starting_character”, END)
Create spinbox:
def function():
print(variable.get())
variable = Spinbox(from_=int, to=int, width=int,
command=function)
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)
Create scale:
def function(value):
print(value)
variable = Scale(from_=int, to=int, width=int,
command=function)
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)
Create checkbutton:
def function():
print(variable.get())
variable_1 = IntVar()
variable = Checkbutton(text=value, variable=variable_1,
command=function)
variable_1.get()
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
 “e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)
Create radiobutton:
def function():
print(variable.get())
variable_1 = IntVar()
variable_button_1 = Radiobutton(text=value, value=1,
variable=variable_1,
command=function)
variable_button_2 = Radiobutton(text=value, value=2,
variable=variable_1,
command=function)
variable_button_1.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int,
sticky=”w” or “e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int,
pady=int)
variable_button_2.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int,
sticky=”w” or “e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int,
pady=int)
Create listbox:
def function(value):
print(variable.get(variable.curselection()))
variable = Listbox(height=int)
variable_list = [value, value, value]
for n in variable_list:
variable.insert(variable_list.index(n), n)
variable.bind("<<ListboxSelect>>", function)
variable.grid(column=int, row=int, columnspan=int,
rowspan=int, sticky=”w” or
“e” or “s” or “n”, padx=int, pady=int)
- Create dialog boxes and pop-ups:
from tkinter import messagebox
messagebox.showinfo(title=value, message=value)
variable = messagebox.askokcancel(title=value,
message=value)
if variable == True:
syntax
else:
syntax
Topic 1.10: Catching Exception Syntax
- Get appropriate input and do print error message while error
occurred:
try:  something that might cause an exception (error)
syntax
except error_type as variable:  do this if there was an
exception
syntax
else:  do this if there were no exceptions
syntax
finally:  do this no matter what happens
syntax
- Creating or raising your own error:
raise error_type(“error_message”)

Topic 1.12: JSON Syntax

- Importing JSON module:
import json
- Open or Write JSON file:
dictionary_variable = {key: {key: value, key: value}}
with open(“file.json”, “w”) as variable:
json.dump(dictionary_variable, variable, indent=4)
- Open and read JSON:
with open(“file.json”, “r”) as variable:
read_variable = json.load(variable)
- Update JSON:
with open(“file.json”, “r”) as variable:
read_variable = json.load(variable)
read_variable.update(new_dictionary_data)
with open(“file.json”, “w”) as variable:
json.dump(read_variable, variable, indent=4)

Topic 1.13: SMTP (Single Mail Transfer Protocol) Module Syntax

- Import module:
import smtplib
- Establish secure connection and send email to other recipients:
with smtplib.SMTP(“email_provider_identity
(ex:smtp.gmail.com)”) as variable:
variable.starttls()  make connection secure
variable.login(user=email_id,
password=email_app_password)
variable.sendmail(from_addr=email_id, to_addrs=email_id,
msg=“subject:message\n\nbody_message”)
Topic 1.14: Datetime Module Syntax
- Import module:
import datetime
- Check current date:
variable = datetime.datetime.now()  check full current date
variable = datetime.date.today()  check current date (YYYY-
MM-DD)
variable_year = variable.year
variable_month = variable.month
variable_day = variable.day
variable_weekday = variable.weekday()
variable_custom_format =
variable.strftime(“%a%A%w%d%b%B%m%y%Y%H%M
%S”)
- Add days to date:
variable = datetime.datetime.now() +
datetime.timedelta(days=amount_of_day)
- Create date:
variable = datetime.datetime(year=int, month=int, day=int,
hour=int)

Topic 1.15: API Requests Syntax

- Import module:
Import requests
- Get access from API endpoint:
variable = requests.get(url=“API_endpoint”,
params=parameter)
- Post through API endpoint:
variable = requests.post(url=“API_endpoint”,
json=parameter, headers=variable)  headers variable
contain API key
- Put (update external value) through API endpoint:
variable = requests.put(url=“API_endpoint”, json=parameter)
- Delete data through API endpoint:
variable = requests.delete(url=“API_endpoint”,
params=parameter)
- Raise error status if API endpoints return error:
variable.raise_for_status()
- Obtain JSON data from the access:
JSON_variable = variable.json()

Topic 1.16: Environment Variable Syntax

- Add environment variable on PyCharm:
 Run  Edit Configurations  Edit configuration templates  Python
 Environment variables.
- Add environment variable on .env file:
Create .env file  write the environment_variables = “password”
- Call environment variable:
import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv  Install Python-dotenv
module (for .env file)
load_dotenv()
os.environ[“environment_variable”]

Topic 1.17: Other Syntax

- Copy or paste certain value directly to clipboard:
import pyperclip
pyperclip.copy(variable)
pyperclip.paste(variable)
- Unescape HTML entities:
import html
variable = html.unescape(value)