1.

Flow Controls, Functions, and String Manipulation

# Flow control
def check_age(age):
if age >= 18:
return "You are eligible to vote"
else:
return "You are not eligible to vote"
# Function
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"
# String manipulation
def reverse_string(s):
return s[::-1]
print(check_age(20))
# Output: You are eligible to vote print(greet("John"))
# Output: Hello, John! print(reverse_string("hello"))
# Output: olleh
2. Operations on Tuples and Lists
# Tuple operations
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(my_tuple[0])
# Output: 1
print(my_tuple[-1])
# Output: 5
# List operations
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_list.append(6)
print(my_list)
# Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
my_list.insert(2, 10)
print(my_list)
# Output: [1, 2, 10, 3, 4, 5, 6]
3. Operations on Sets
# Set operations set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} set2 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
print(set1.union(set2))
# Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
print(set1.intersection(set2))
# Output: {4, 5}
print(set1.difference(set2))
 # Output: {1, 2, 3}
4. Operations on Dictionary
# Dictionary operations
my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
print(my_dict["name"])
# Output: John
my_dict["city"] = "New York"
print(my_dict)
# Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}
del my_dict["age"] print(my_dict)
# Output: {'name': 'John', 'city': 'New York'}
5. Simple OOP – Constructors – Create a class for representing a car
class Car: def __init__(self, brand, model, year):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
self.year = year
def print_details(self):
print(f"Brand: {self.brand}") print(f"Model: {self.model}")
print(f"Year: {self.year}")
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry", 2020)
my_car.print_details()
6. Method Overloading – Create classes for vehicle and Bus and
demonstrate method overloading Python doesn't support method
overloading like some other languages. However, we can achieve
similar behavior using optional arguments or by using the *args
syntax.
class Vehicle:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
def display_details(self, *args):
print(f"Brand: {self.brand}")
print(f"Model: {self.model}")
if args: print(f"Additional details: {args}")
class Bus(Vehicle):
def __init__(self, brand, model, capacity): super().
__init__(brand, model)
self.capacity = capacity
def display_details(self, *args):
super().display_details(*args)
 print(f"Capacity: {self.capacity}")
my_bus = Bus("Mercedes", "Sprinter", 20)
my_bus.display_details("Luxury bus")
7. Files – Reading and Writing – Perform the basic operation of reading
and writing with student file
# Writing to a file with open("students.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("John Doe, 20\n")
file.write("Jane Doe, 22\n")
# Reading from a file with open("students.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file: print(line.strip())
8. Regular Expressions
import re text = "My phone number is 123-456-7890"
pattern = r"\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}"
match = re.search(pattern, text)
if match:
print(f"Phone number found: {match.group()}")
else: print("No phone number found")
9. Modules Let's create a simple module called math_operations.py:
# math_operations.py
def add(a, b): return a + b
def subtract(a, b):
return a - b
Now, let's use this module in another script:
# main.py
import math_operations
result = math_operations.add(5, 3)
print(result)
# Output: 8
10.Packages
Let's create a simple package called utils with two modules:
math_operations.py and string_operations.py.
utils/
__init__.py math_operations.py
string_operations.py
math_operations.py
remains the same as above.
Let's add a string_operations.py module:
# string_operations.py
def reverse_string(s): return s[::-1]
 Now, let's use this package in another script: # main.py from
utils.math_operations
import add from utils.string_operations
import reverse_string
result = add(5, 3)
print(result)
# Output: 8
print(reverse_string("hello"))
# Output: olleh
11.Exception Handling
def divide(a, b):
try:
result = a / b
return result
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed")
except TypeError:
print("Error: Invalid input type")
except Exception as e:
print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
print(divide(10, 2))
# Output: 5.0
print(divide(10, 0))
# Output: Error: Division by zero is not allowed