1.
Flow Controls, Functions, and String Manipulation
Python
# Flow control
def check_age(age):
if age >= 18:
return "You are eligible to vote"
else:
return "You are not eligible to vote"
# Function
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"
# String manipulation
def reverse_string(s):
return s[::-1]
print(check_age(20)) # Output: You are eligible to vote
print(greet("John")) # Output: Hello, John!
print(reverse_string("hello")) # Output: olleh
2. Operations on Tuples and Lists
Python
# Tuple operations
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(my_tuple[0]) # Output: 1
print(my_tuple[-1]) # Output: 5
# List operations
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_list.append(6)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
my_list.insert(2, 10)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 10, 3, 4, 5, 6]
3. Operations on Sets
Python
# Set operations
set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
set2 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
print(set1.union(set2)) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
print(set1.intersection(set2)) # Output: {4, 5}
print(set1.difference(set2)) # Output: {1, 2, 3}
4. Operations on Dictionary
Python
# Dictionary operations
my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
print(my_dict["name"]) # Output: John
my_dict["city"] = "New York"
print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}
del my_dict["age"]
print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'John', 'city': 'New York'}
5. Simple OOP – Constructors – Create a class for representing a car
Python
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model, year):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
self.year = year
def print_details(self):
print(f"Brand: {self.brand}")
print(f"Model: {self.model}")
print(f"Year: {self.year}")
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry", 2020)
my_car.print_details()
6. Method Overloading – Create classes for vehicle and Bus and demonstrate
method overloading
class Vehicle:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
def display_details(self, *args):
print(f"Brand: {self.brand}")
print(f"Model: {self.model}")
if args:
print(f"Additional details: {args}")
class Bus(Vehicle):
def __init__(self, brand, model, capacity):
super().__init__(brand, model)
self.capacity = capacity
def display_details(self, *args):
super().display_details(*args)
print(f"Capacity: {self.capacity}")
my_bus = Bus("Mercedes", "Sprinter", 20)
my_bus.display_details("Luxury bus")
7. Files – Reading and Writing – Perform the basic operation of reading and
writing with student file
# Writing to a file
with open("students.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("John Doe, 20\n")
file.write("Jane Doe, 22\n")
# Reading from a file
with open("students.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file:
print(line.strip())
8. Regular Expressions
import re
text = "My phone number is 123-456-7890"
pattern = r"\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}"
match = re.search(pattern, text)
if match:
print(f"Phone number found: {match.group()}")
else:
print("No phone number found")
9. Modules
Let's create a simple module called math_operations.py:
# math_operations.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b
def subtract(a, b):
return a - b
# Now, let's use this module in another script:
# main.py
import math_operations
result = math_operations.add(5, 3)
print(result)
# Output: 8
10. Packages
Let's create a simple package called utils with two modules:
math_operations.py and string_operations.py.
utils/
__init__.py
math_operations.py
string_operations.py
#math_operations.py remains the same as above. Let's add a
#string_operations.py module:
# string_operations.py
def reverse_string(s):
return s[::-1]
#Now, let's use this package in another script:
# main.py
from utils.math_operations import add
from utils.string_operations import reverse_string
result = add(5, 3)
print(result)
# Output: 8
print(reverse_string("hello"))
# Output: olleh
11. Exception Handling
def divide(a, b):
try:
result = a / b
return result
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed")
except TypeError:
print("Error: Invalid input type")
except Exception as e:
print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
print(divide(10, 2))
# Output: 5.0
print(divide(10, 0))
# Output: Error: Division by zero is not allowed
