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Essential Algorithms
Essential Algorithms
A Practical Approach to Computer
Algorithms Using Python® and C#

Rod Stephens
Essential Algorithms: A Practical Approach to Computer Algorithms Using Python® and C#

Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978‐1‐119‐57599‐3
ISBN: 978‐1‐119‐57596‐2 (ebk)
ISBN: 978‐1‐119‐57598‐6 (ebk)

Manufactured in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization
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MA 01923, (978) 750‐8400, fax (978) 646‐8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Per-
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ther the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site
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Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its
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tered trademark of Python Software Foundation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
For Maki
 About the Author

Rod Stephens started out as a mathematician, but while studying at MIT, he

discovered how much fun algorithms are. He took every algorithms course MIT
offered, and he has been writing complex algorithms ever since.
During his career, Rod has worked on an eclectic assortment of applica-
tions in fields such as telephone switching, billing, repair dispatching, tax
processing, wastewater treatment, concert ticket sales, cartography, and training
for professional football players.
Rod was a Microsoft Visual Basic Most Valuable Professional (MVP) for 15
years and has taught introductory programming courses. He has written more
than 30 books that have been translated into languages from all over the world.
He has also written more than 250 magazine articles covering C#, Visual Basic,
Visual Basic for Applications, Delphi, and Java.
Rod’s popular C# Helper website (http://www.csharphelper.com) receives
millions of hits per year and contains tips, tricks, and example programs for
C# programmers. His VB Helper website (http://www.vb-helper.com) contains
similar material for Visual Basic programmers.
You can contact Rod at: [email protected].

vii
 About the Technical Editor

John Mueller is a freelance author and technical editor. He has writing in his
blood, having produced 112 books and more than 600 articles to date. The topics
range from networking to artificial intelligence and from database management
to heads-down programming. Some of his current books include discussions
of data science, machine learning, and algorithms. His technical editing skills
have helped more than 70 authors refine the content of their manuscripts. John
has provided technical editing services to numerous magazines, performed
various types of consulting, and he writes certification exams as well.
Be sure to read John’s blog at: http://blog.johnmuellerbooks.com/. You can
reach John on the Internet at [email protected]. John also has a web-
site at http://www.johnmuellerbooks.com/. Be sure to follow John on Amazon
at https://www.amazon.com/John-Mueller/.

ix
 Credits

Senior Acquisitions Editor Technical Editor

Kenyon Brown John Muller
Editorial Manager Copy Editor
Pete Gaughan Kim Wimpsett
Associate Publisher Proofreader
Jim Minatel Nancy Bell
Production Manager Indexer
Kathleen Wisor Potomac Indexing, LLC
Project Editor Cover Designer
Gary Schwartz Wiley
Production Editor
Athiyappan Lalith Kumar

xi
 Acknowledgments

Thanks to Ken Brown, Devon Lewis, Gary Schwartz, Pete Gaughan, Jim Mina-
tel, Athiyappan Lalitkumar, and everyone else at Wiley that helped make this
book possible.
Thanks to longtime friend John Mueller, who provided his technical exper-
tise to help make the information in this book as accurate as possible. (Any
remaining mistakes are mine, not his.)
Thanks also to Sunil Kumar for his generous feedback on the first edition.

xiii
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