S.D.M.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DHARWAD

A Technical paper on

ALTERNATE FUELS

Presented by: Shivakumar M Banakar Rohan R Desai VI Sem Mechanical VI Sem Mechanical

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION TO ALTERNATE FUELS 2. INTRODUCTION TO BIODIESEL 3. NEED FOR BIODIESEL 4. BIODIESEL Vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS 5. MANUFACTURING & SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL
6.

BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL & LIMITATIONS

7. PRESENT SCENARIO & FUTURE SCOPE 8. SUMMARY 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT

Alternative fuels and energy sources are an issue of increasing importance - not only among the scientific and engineering community, but also in economics and public policy. The different kinds of alternate fuels commonly used are alcohol, LPG, CNG, Biodiesel etc. Biodiesel (also known as biofuel or bio diesel) is an alternative diesel fuel produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats. Biodiesel when compared to others have distinctive properties & act as one of the superior fuels for engines. The process of transesterification obtains Biodiesel. In this way biodiesel is a revolutionary fuel for both present and future scenario. With the shortage of Petrodiesel and soaring prices, the world is going the BIO-DIESEL way and INDIA is no exception. Therefore this paper work gives an overview about the various aspects of Biodiesel

INTRODUCTION TO ALTERNATE FUELS

Alternative fuels are vehicle fuels that aren't made from petroleum. There are many kinds of fuels that vehicles can run on that aren't made from petroleum. Because of energy crisis in recent years, considerable research efforts are being made to find out alternate fuels for automobile engines. Almost all of the fuel we use for transportation is made from petroleum. Gasoline and diesel fuel account for all but about one-fourth of one percent of California's transportation fuel. Most California gasoline does contain a small amount of ethyl alcohol (also called ethanol), that increases the oxygen content of the gasoline for cleaner burning. Natural gas is the basic energy source for some of the alternatives to petroleum. On one hand, this is good because most of the natural gas we use comes from friendly North American countries, if not the United States itself. And at the present, there seems to be a plentiful supply of natural gas. So, the supply of natural gas is relatively stable and reliable. On the other hand, natural gas is a non-renewable fossil fuel, just like petroleum and coal, and so, it too will some day be used up if people continue to use a lot of it.

The various kinds of alternate fuels commonly used are:

Alcohol - ethanol and methanol. Compressed natural gas (CNG) - natural gas under high pressure. Electricity - stored in batteries. Hydrogen - a very special type of gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) - natural gas that is very, very cold. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (also called propane) - hydrocarbon gases under low pressure. Liquids made from coal - gasoline and diesel fuel that doesn't come from petroleum. Biodiesel - a lot like diesel fuel, but made from plant oil or animal fat.

INTRODUCTION TO BIODIESEL

What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics OR Technical Definition for Biodiesel (ASTM D 6751) and Biodiesel Blend: Biodiesel, na fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751. Its physical and chemical properties as it relates to operation of diesel engines are similar to petroleum based diesel fuel. Non-Hazardous, Biodegradable - and it saves you a whole lot of cash. Biodiesel is not regular vegetable oil. Biodiesel is biodegradable though, so it is much less harmful to the environment if spilled. Biodiesel is made through a process called transesterification. This process makes vegetable oil and animal fat into esterified oil, which can be used as diesel fuel, or mixed with regular diesel fuel. Ordinary diesel engines can run on biodiesel. Practically any type of vegetable oil or animal fat can be used to make biodiesel. But the most popular types of vegetable oils are soybean and rapeseed oil. Soybeans are used to make tofu and soy sauce. Soybean and rapeseed oil have been tried as biodiesel because they are less expensive than most other types of vegetable oil. Although soybean and rapeseed oil are more expensive than regular diesel fuel, most other types of vegetable oils are too expensive to even be considered for use as diesel fuel. Animal fat also is too expensive for this use, but used oil from restaurants has been tried for biodiesel. Biodiesel has been shown to produce lower tailpipe emissions than regular diesel fuel. The best thing about biodiesel is that it is made from plants and animals, which are renewable resources.

NEED FOR BIODIESEL

Many alternative Bio-diesel fuels have been shown to have better exhaust emissions than traditional Diesel fuel. Jatropha Bio-diesel holds promise as fuel alternatives for diesel engine. Reduction of the usage of Primary Fuels. Bio-diesel is produced with an agricultural orientation. Numerous researches have shown that Jatropha Bio-diesel has fuel properties and provides engine performance that is very similar to diesel fuel. Bio-diesel is non-toxic, bio degradable and renewable fuel. The severe emission regulations in the world have placed design limitations on heavy-duty diesel engines. The trend towards cleaner burning fuel is growing worldwide and it is possible through Jatropha Biodiesel. Bio-diesel includes a high cetane number, low sulphur, low volatility and the presence of Oxygen atoms in the fuel molecule. Expected efficiency is achieved through Bio-diesel. Bio-diesel performs better than the Petroleum diesel. Jatropha Bio-diesel readily mixes with diesel fuel and it runs in any diesel engine without modification. Reduces serious air pollutants such as particulate, carbon monoxides, hydrocarbons and air toxic. Mutagencity studies shows that bio diesel dramatically reduces potential risks of cancer and birth defects. Biodiesel is better for the environment because it is made from renewable resources and has lower emissions compared to petroleum diesel. It is less toxic than table salt and biodegrades as fast as sugar. Since it is made from renewable resources such as soybeans, its use decreases our dependence on foreign oil and contributes to our own economy. VARIOUS SOURCES OF BIODIESEL: Algae, Castor oil, Coconut oil, Corn oil, Cottonseed oil, Flax oil, Hemp oil, Jatropha oil, Jojoba oil, Karanj plant, Mustard oil, Palm oil, Peanut oil, Radish oil, Rapeseed oil, Rice bran, Safflower oil, Sunflower oil, Soyabean oil, Tung THE POSSIBLE PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT OILS Soybean: 40 to 50 US gal/acre (40 to 50 m/km) Rapeseed: 110 to 145 US gal/acre (100 to 140 m/km) Mustard: 140 US gal/acre (130 m/km) Jatropha: 175 US gal/acre (160 m/km) Palm oil: 650 US gal/acre (610 m/km) [2] Algae: 10,000 to 20,000 US gal/acre (10,000 to 20,000 m/km)

BIODIESEL Vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS

Table depicting the various properties of different fuels in scale from 01 to 10

Biodiesel Fuel Properties Its Lubricity is significantly higher than petro-diesel, which prevents wear in fuel system components and increases engine life span. Its Flash Point is higher than petro-diesel, making the fuel safer for storage. And transport. Its Density is comparable to petro-diesel. Its Viscosity is approximately 1.5 to 2 times as high as petro-diesel. Its Cetane Number is higher than petro-diesel, which means it burns more completely, resulting in more power, better engine performance, and lower emissions

MANUFACTURING & SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL

Using vegetable oil, methanol and caustic soda you can make biodiesel that can run in any modern diesel car - without any modifications being required. Biodiesel production is the process of making biodiesel, a liquid fuel source largely compatible with petroleum based diesel fuel. The following steps can be performed in a small, home based biodiesel processor, or in large industrial facilities. The process is similar in either case. Steps in the process: The most common steps are: 1. Preparation: cleaning/heating biolipid (e.g. WVO). With wet oil, one will obtain soap with the biodiesel, the conversion index from vegetable oil to biodiesel will be smaller and one will obtain an excess of triglycerides. 2. Titration of WVO sample. Optimal pH for Biodiesel is 7 (neutral), the same as distilled water (and most tap water). Some fat has a high level of free fatty acids which require an acid esterification (to obtain an pH lower than 3) before the alkaline transesterification. 3. Mixing the bioalcoholand catalyst in exact amounts, to produce methoxide 4. Combining at 50C methoxide with the biolipids. 5. Separation: 1. Of biodiesel and glycerol (by decantation, centrifugation...). 2. Removal of alcohol (by distillation). 6. Biodiesel purification: separation from the biodiesel of the wastes (catalyst and soap): washing and drying the biodiesel. 7. Disposal of the waste material. 8. Production methods there are three basic routes to biodiesel production from biolipids (biological oils and fats): Base catalyzed transesterification of the biolipid. Direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the biolipid. Conversion of the biolipid to its fatty acids and then to biodiesel. Almost all biodiesel is produced using base catalyzed transesterification as it is the most economical process requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing a 98% conversion yield. For this reason only this process will be described below. Transestrification is crucial for producing biodiesel from biolipids. The transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an bioalcohol to form esters and glycerol.

Oil Preparation: Biodiesel processor machines need the vegetable oil to have some specific properties: Suspended particles lower than 1% (mass/mass) and than 5 micrometers. Because of this, the following are necessary: Filtration to 5 micrometers. Washing with hot water. Decantation. Heating of the oil. Second decantation. Anhydrous (waterless). Because of this, the final step of preparation, after the second decantation is drying. Easy solubility in the alcohol to use. Reaction: The reaction may be shown CH2COOR1 | CHCOOR1 + 3 CH3OH? (CH2OH) 2CH-OH + 3 CH3COO-R1 | CH2COOR1 Since we are dealing with nature, the alkyl group on the triglycerides is probably different, so it would actually be more like CH2OC=OR1 | CHOC=OR2 + 3 CH3OH? (CH2OH) 2CH-OH + CH3COO-R1 + CH3COO-R2 + CH3OC=O-R1 | CH2COOR3 Triglyceride + methanol? Glycerol + Esters R1, R2, and R3: Alkyl group. During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, usually a strong alkaline (NaOH, KOH or sodium silicate). The main reason for doing a titration to produce biodiesel is to find out how much alkaline is needed to insure a complete transesterfication. Empirically 6.25 g / l NaOH produces a very usable fuel. One uses about 6 g NaOH when the WVO is light in color and about 7 g NaOH when it is dark in color. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester (or biodiesel) and crude glycerol. The reaction between the biolipid (fat or oil) and the alcohol is a reversible reaction so the alcohol must be added in excess to drive the reaction towards the right and ensure complete conversion.

BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL
Environmental Benefits In 2000, biodiesel became the only alternative fuel in the country to have successfully completed the EPA-required Tier I and Tier II health effects testing under the Clean Air Act. Since it is an oxygenated fuel, biodiesel reduces incomplete combustion and thus reduces the production of many harmful air pollutants. A 30% reduction in carbon monoxide emissions A 40% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions A 25% reduction in particulate emissions A 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions A 20% reduction in sulphur emissions Energy Security Benefits With petroleum prices approaching record highs, it is clear that more can be done to utilize domestic surpluses of vegetable oils while enhancing our energy security. Because biodiesel can be manufactured using existing industrial production capacity, and used with conventional equipment, it provides substantial opportunity for immediately addressing our energy security issues. If the true cost of using foreign oil were imposed on the price of imported fuel, renewable fuels, such as biodiesel, probably would be the most viable option. Economic Benefits Biodiesel benefits to both the urban and rural sectors, and the balance of trade. A study completed in 2001 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture found that an average annual increase of the equivalent of 200 million gallons of soy-based biodiesel demand would boost total crop cash receipts by $5.2 billion cumulatively by 2010, resulting in an average net farm income increase of $300 million per year. Quality Benefits Biodiesel is registered as a fuel and fuel additive with the EPA and meets clean diesel standards established by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).. This seal of approval will provide added assurance to customers, as well as engine manufacturers, that the biodiesel marketed by these companies meets the ASTM standards for biodiesel and that the fuel supplier will stand behind its products. LIMITATIONS: Cold weather operation. Lack of feedstock oil to replace large portion of petroleum. Engine & emission optimization.

PRESENT SCENARIO & FUTURE SCOPE

Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel. The most common blend however is a mix of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel, or "B20." Biodiesel is about 10% oxygen by weight and contains no sulfur. The lifecycle production and use of biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide emissions, and almost 100% less sulfur dioxide. Combustion of biodiesel alone provides over 90% reduction in total unburned hydrocarbons, and a 75-90% reduction in aromatic hydrocarbons. When burned in a diesel engine, biodiesel replaces the exhaust odor of petroleum diesel with the pleasant smell of popcorn or French fries. Biodiesel further provides significant reductions in particulate and carbon monoxide than petroleum diesel fuel. Thus, biodiesel provides a 90% reduction in cancer risks. In sum, the use of biodiesel will also reduce the following emissions: carbon monoxide ozone-forming-hydrocarbons hazardous diesel particulate of solid combustion products acid rain-causing sulfur dioxide lifecycle carbon dioxide The use of biodiesel can extend the life of diesel engines because it is more lubricating than petroleum diesel fuel while fuel consumption, auto ignition, power output, and engine torque are relatively unaffected by biodiesel. Biodiesel is safe to handle and transport because it is as biodegradable as sugar,

The current world consumption of petro-fuels is about 12 Million Tons per day = about 5 billion T per annum. Since the energy provided by biodiesel is slightly (about 10%) lower than that of petro-fuels, the world would require about 5.5 billion T of bio-diesel to completely replace petro-diesel, at the current levels of consumption. The total world production of vegetable oils was only about 0.06 billion T in 2005. That is, the total production of vegetable oil in the world is just one-hundredth of what will be required for complete replacement. It is easy to see that it very early days for biodiesel.

SUMMARY
India produces only 22% of its diesel requirement and 78% is imported at a huge cost in foreign currency and our expenditure and outlay for the import of Petroleum fuel is second to our Defense budget. With the introduction of compulsory use of 10-20% biodiesel in UK, USA, FRANCE, Germany, Japan and other countries who specifies a 40-50% mix by 2010, India has a huge requirement by 2010 to meet the world norms and emission standards and a national policy has already been given a green signal by the GOI in the year 2003 Biodiesel is a better fuel than Petrodiesel and meets most of the chemical/Physical standards of Petrodiesel. Being plant based it does not emit sulphur/CO on burning and is non-polluting, bio degradable and environmentally safe. Biodiesel can be used 10%, 20% or in any proportion doping the Petrodiesel and it can be very safely used as 100% replacement of Petrodiesel in all kinds of DIESEL ENGINES without any modification of the currently available diesel engines. In line with Mercedes, Daimler Chrysler and other renowned automobile manufacturers, MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA and TATA MOTORS in India have by now extended the engine warranty on use of Biodiesel in their vehicles. There is ongoing research into finding more suitable crops and improving oil yield. Using the current yields, vast amounts of land and fresh water would be needed to produce enough oil to completely replace fossil fuel usage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
www.wikipedia.com www.howstuffworks.com www.biodieselencyclopedia.com www.biodiesel.org AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING by S. Srinivas