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Pharyngeal Arch: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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The document discusses pharyngeal arches, which develop in vertebrate embryos as outgrowths on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx. In humans, six pharyngeal arches form and contribute to various structures. The first arch forms the maxilla, mandible, and bones of the middle ear. The second arch forms the stapes and styloid process. Subsequent arches form other structures of the face, neck, and larynx. The development of the pharyngeal arches is used as a morphological landmark to establish embryonic development stages.

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Pharyngeal Arch: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Goutham Mk
48 views5 pages
The document discusses pharyngeal arches, which develop in vertebrate embryos as outgrowths on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx. In humans, six pharyngeal arches form and contribute to various structures. The first arch forms the maxilla, mandible, and bones of the middle ear. The second arch forms the stapes and styloid process. Subsequent arches form other structures of the face, neck, and larynx. The development of the pharyngeal arches is used as a morphological landmark to establish embryonic development stages.

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The document discusses pharyngeal arches, which develop in vertebrate embryos as outgrowths on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx. In humans, six pharyngeal arches form and contribute to various structures. The first arch forms the maxilla, mandible, and bones of the middle ear. The second arch forms the stapes and styloid process. Subsequent arches form other structures of the face, neck, and larynx. The development of the pharyngeal arches is used as a morphological landmark to establish embryonic development stages.

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48 views5 pages

Pharyngeal Arch: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Goutham Mk
The document discusses pharyngeal arches, which develop in vertebrate embryos as outgrowths on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx. In humans, six pharyngeal arches form and contribute to various structures. The first arch forms the maxilla, mandible, and bones of the middle ear. The second arch forms the stapes and styloid process. Subsequent arches form other structures of the face, neck, and larynx. The development of the pharyngeal arches is used as a morphological landmark to establish embryonic development stages.

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Pharyngeal arch

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Pharyngeal arch

Schematic of developing fetus with first, second and third arches labeled.

Floor of pharynx of human embryo about twenty-six days old.

Latin Gray's Carnegie stage Code

arcus pharyngei subject #13 65 10 TE E5.4.2.0.0.0.2

MeSH

Branchial+Arches

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallenged and removed. (August 2010)
In the development of vertebrate animals, the pharyngeal arches (which develop into the branchial arches or gill arches in fish) are anlage for a multitude of structures. In humans, they develop during the fourth week in utero as a series of mesodermal outpouchings on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx. In fish, the branchial arches support the gills.

Contents
[hide]

1 Development 2 Relations 3 Specific arches 4 Use in staging 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit]Development
These grow and join in the ventral midline. The first arch, as the first to form, separates the mouth pit or stomodeumfrom the pericardium. By differential growth the neck elongates and new arches form, so the pharynx has six arches ultimately. Each pharyngeal arch has a cartilaginous stick, a muscle component which differentiates from the cartilaginous tissue, an artery, and a cranial nerve. Each of these is surrounded by mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a "staggered" development.

[edit]Relations
Pharyngeal pouches (or branchial pouches) form on the endodermal side between the arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form from the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. [1] The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish. In mammals the endoderm and ectoderm not only remain intact, but continue to be separated by a mesodermlayer.

[edit]Specific

arches

There are six pharyngeal arches, but in humans the fifth arch only exists transiently during embryologic growth and development. Since no human structures result from the fifth arch, the arches in humans are I, II, III, IV, and VI. [2] More is known about the fate of the first arch than the remaining four. The first three contribute to structures above the larynx, while the last two contribute to thelarynx and trachea.

Pharyn Muscular contributions[3] geal arch

Skeletal contributions

Nerve

Artery

1st (also Muscles of mastication, anterior belly of called the digastric, mylohyoid, tensor "mandi tympani,tensor veli palatini bular arch")

Maxilla, mandi ble (only as a model for mandible not actual Trigeminal formation of nerve(V2 mandible), and V3) the incus and m alleus of the middle ear, also Meckel's cartilage

Maxillary artery,exte rnal carotid artery

2nd (also called the "hyoid arch")

Stapes, styloid process, hyoid ( Muscles of facial lesser horn and Stapedial expression, buccinator,platysma, stapediu Facial upper part of artery,hyoi s, stylohyoid,posterior belly of the nerve (VII) body), d artery digastric Reichert's cartilage

3rd

Stylopharyngeus

Hyoid (greater horn and lower Common Glossophary part of carotid,int ngeal body), thymus, ernal nerve (IX) inferior carotid parathyroids

4th

Thyroid Cricothyroid muscle, all intrinsic muscles cartilage, of soft palate including levator veli superior palatini parathyroids, e piglottic

Vagus nerve (X),su perior laryngeal

Right 4th aortic arch:subcl avian

cartilage[4]

nerve[5]

artery Left 4th aortic arch:aortic arch Right 6th aortic arch:pulm onary artery

6th

All intrinsic muscles of larynx except thecricothyroid muscle

Cricoid cartilage, aryte noid cartilages, corni culate cartilage[4]

Vagus nerve (X),re Left 6th current aortic laryngeal arch:pulm nerve[5] onary artery and ductus arteriosus

[edit]Use

in staging

The development of the pharyngeal arches provide a useful morphological landmark with which to establish the precise stage of embryonic development. Their formation and development corresponds to Carnegie stages 10 to 16 in mammals, and Hamburger-Hamilton stages 14 to 28 in the chicken.

[edit]See

also

Pattern of the branchial arches. I-IV branchial arches, 1-4 branchial pouches(inside) and/or pharyngeal grooves (outside) a Tuberculum laterale b Tuberculum impar c Foramen cecum d Ductus thyreoglossus e Sinus cervicalis

Aortic arches Branchial pouch Branchial cleft cyst Congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck

[edit]References
1. ^ "Lecture 24. Branchial Apparatus". Retrieved 2007-09-09. 2. ^ "Text for Pharyngeal Arch Development". Retrieved 2007-09-09. 3. ^ "marshall.edu". Retrieved 2007-09-09. 4. ^ a b Netter, Frank H.; Cochard, Larry R. (2002). Netter's Atlas of human embryology. Teterboro, N.J: Icon Learning Systems. p. 227. ISBN 0-914168-99-1. 5. ^ a b Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.

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