Execute Python Syntax
Python syntax can be executed by writing directly in the Command Line:
Print ("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
Or by creating a python file on the server, using the .py file extension, and
running it in the Command Line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python myfile.py
Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line. Where in other
programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only, the
indentation in Python is very important. Python uses indentation to indicate a
block of code.
Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
Python Variables
Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
Creating Variables
Python has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the
moment you first assign a value to it.
Example:
x = 5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)
Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type, and can even
change type after they have been set.
Example:
x = 4 # x is of type int
x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)
Casting
If you want to specify the data type of a variable, this can be done with casting.
Example:
x = str(3) # x will be '3'
y = int(3) # y will be 3
z = float(3) # z will be 3.0
Get the Type
You can get the data type of a variable with the type() function.
Example:
x = 5
y = "John"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
Single or Double Quotes?
String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes:
Example:
x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John'
Case-Sensitive
Variable names are case-sensitive.
Example:
This will create two variables:
a = 4
A = "Sally"
#A will not overwrite a
Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name
(age, carname, total_volume). Rules for Python variables:
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different
variables)
Example
Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"
Example
Illegal variable names:
2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"
Multi Words Variable Names
Variable names with more than one word can be difficult to read. There are
several techniques you can use to make them more readable:
Camel Case
Each word, except the first, starts with a capital letter:
myVariableName = "John"
Pascal Case
Each word starts with a capital letter:
MyVariableName = "John"
Snake Case
Each word is separated by an underscore character:
my_variable_name = "John"
Many Values to Multiple Variables
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
One Value to Multiple Variables
And you can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Unpack a Collection
If you have a collection of values in a list, tuple etc. Python allows you to
extract the values into variables. This is called unpacking.
Example
Unpack a list:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
x, y, z = fruits
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Output Variables
The Python print() function is often used to output variables.
Example
x = "Python is awesome"
print(x)
In the print() function, you output multiple variables, separated by a comma:
Example
x = "Python"
y = "is"
z = "awesome"
print(x, y, z)
You can also use the + operator to output multiple variables:
Example
x = "Python "
y = "is "
z = "awesome"
print(x + y + z)
Notice the space character after "Python” and "is ", without them the
result would be "Pythonisawesome".
For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical operator:
Example
x = 5
y = 10
print(x + y)
In the print () function, when you try to combine a string and a number with
the + operator, Python will give you an error:
Example
x = 5
y = "John"
print(x + y)
The best way to output multiple variables in the print() function is to separate
them with commas, which even support different data types:
Example
x = 5
y = "John"
print(x, y)
Global Variables
Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all of the examples above)
are known as global variables. Global variables can be used by everyone, both
inside of functions and outside.
Example
Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the function
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
If you create a variable with the same name inside a function, this variable will
be local, and can only be used inside the function. The global variable with the
same name will remain as it was, global and with the original value.
Example
Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as the global
variable
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
x = "fantastic"
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
The global Keyword
Normally, when you create a variable inside a function, that variable is local,
and can only be used inside that function. To create a global variable inside a
function, you can use the global keyword.
Example
If you use the global keyword, the variable belongs to the global scope:
def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic"
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
Built-in Data Types
In programming, data type is an important concept. Variables can store data of different types,
and different types can do different things. Python has the following data types built-in by
default, in these categories:
Text Type: str
Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
None Type: NoneType
Getting the Data Type
You can get the data type of any object by using the type () function:
Example
Print the data type of the variable x:
x=5
print(type(x))
Setting the Data Type
In Python, the data type is set when you assign a value to a variable:
x = "Hello World"
#display x:
print(x)
#display the data type of x:
print(type(x))
Example Data Type
x = "Hello World" str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
x = 1j complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple
x = range(6) range
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set
x = frozenset({"apple", "banana", "cherry"}) frozenset
x = True bool
x = b"Hello" bytes
x = bytearray(5) bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryview
x = None NoneType
Setting the Specific Data Type
If you want to specify the data type, you can use the following constructor
functions:
Example Data Type
x = str("Hello World") str
x = int(20) int
x = float(20.5) float
x = complex(1j) complex
x = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) list
x = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) tuple
x = range(6) range
x = dict(name="John", age=36) dict
x = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) set
x = frozenset(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) frozenset
x = bool(5) bool
x = bytes(5) bytes
x = bytearray(5) bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryview
Python Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:
Example
Print (10 + 5)
Python divides the operators in the following groups:
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Identity operators
Membership operators
Bitwise operators
Python Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
mathematical operations:
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y
Python Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
Python Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values:
Operator Name Example
== Equal x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x>y
< Less than x<y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y
Python Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:
Operator Description Example
and Returns True if both statements x < 5 and x < 10
are true
or Returns True if one of the x < 5 or x < 4
statements is true
not Reverse the result, returns False not(x < 5 and x < 10)
if the result is true
Python Identity Operators
Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if
they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:
Operator Description Example
is Returns True if both variables x is y
are the same object
is not Returns True if both variables x is not y
are not the same object
Python Membership Operators
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:
Operator Description Example
in Returns True if a sequence with x in y
the specified value is present in
the object
not in Returns True if a sequence with x not in y
the specified value is not
present in the object
Python Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:
Operator Name Description
& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are
1
| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two
bits is 1
^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of
two bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits
<< Zero fill left shift Shift left by pushing zeros in
from the right and let the
leftmost bits fall off
>> Signed right shift Shift right by pushing copies of
the leftmost bit in from the left,
and let the rightmost bits fall off
How to take input in Python?
Taking input is a way of interact with users, or get data to provide some result. Python
provides two built-in methods to read the data from the keyboard. These methods are
given below.
o input(prompt)
o raw_input(prompt)
input()
The input function is used in all latest version of the Python. It takes the input from the
user and then evaluates the expression. The Python interpreter automatically identifies
the whether a user input a string, a number, or a list. Let's understand the following
example.
Example -
1. name = input("Enter your name: ")
2. print(name)
The Python interpreter will not execute further lines until the user enters the input.
Let's understand another example.
Example - 2
1. # Python program showing
2. # a use of input()
3. name = input("Enter your name: ") # String Input
4. age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) # Integer Input
5. marks = float(input("Enter your marks: ")) # Float Input
6. print("The name is:", name)
7. print("The age is:", age)
8. print("The marks is:", marks)
Explanation:
By default, the input() function takes input as a string so if we need to enter the integer
or float type input then the input() function must be type casted.
1. age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) # Integer Input
2. marks = float(input("Enter your marks: ")) # Float Input
We can see in the above code where we type casted the user input into int and float.
How input() function works?
o The flow of the program has stopped until the user enters the input.
o The text statement which also knows as prompt is optional to write in input() function.
This prompt will display the message on the console.
o The input() function automatically converts the user input into string. We need to explicitly
convert the input using the type casting.
o raw_input() - The raw_input function is used in Python's older version like Python 2.x. It
takes the input from the keyboard and return as a string. The Python 2.x doesn't use much
in the industry. Let's understand the following example.
