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Cauchygoursat

The Cauchy-Goursat theorem states that if a function f is analytic within and on a simple closed contour C, then the contour integral of f around C is equal to 0. The theorem can be extended to say that for any closed contour C within a simply connected domain D where f is analytic, the contour integral is also 0. Additionally, if two contours C1 and C2 can be continuously deformed between one another while remaining within a region of analyticity, then the contour integrals over the two contours will be equal.

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131 views2 pages

Cauchygoursat

The Cauchy-Goursat theorem states that if a function f is analytic within and on a simple closed contour C, then the contour integral of f around C is equal to 0. The theorem can be extended to say that for any closed contour C within a simply connected domain D where f is analytic, the contour integral is also 0. Additionally, if two contours C1 and C2 can be continuously deformed between one another while remaining within a region of analyticity, then the contour integrals over the two contours will be equal.

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Said Liger Aldás
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Math 122B: Complex Variables

The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem


Cauchy-Goursat Theorem. If a function f is analytic at all points interior to and on a simple closed contour C (i.e., f is analytic on some simply connected domain D containing C), then f (z) dz = 0.
C

Note. If we assume that f is continuous (and therefore the partial derivatives of u and v are continuous where f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)), this result follows immediately from Greens theorem: Letting R be the region enclosed by the curve C, f (z) dz =
C C

(u(x, y) + iv(x, y)) (dx + i dy) =


C

(u dx v dy) + i
C

(v dx + u dy)

=
R

(vx uy ) dA + i
R

(ux vy ) dA = 0

since f is analytic (use the Cauchy-Riemann equations!) However, the Cauchy-Goursat theorem says we dont need to assume that f is continuous (only that it exists!) Theorem. (An extension of Cauchy-Goursat) If f is analytic in a simply connected domain D, then f (z) dz = 0
C

for every closed contour C lying in D. Notes. Combining this theorem with Theorem (42), every function f that is analytic on a simply connected domain D must have an antiderivative on the domain D. Given two simple closed contours such that one can be continuous deformed into the other through a region where f is analytic, the contour integrals of f over these two contours have the same value! In other words, f might not be analytic in some region R, but if it is analytic outside of R, then the value of the contour integrals of f must be the same for all closed contours that enclose R of course, this value doesnt have to be 0 since f is not analytic everywhere. (See the corollary below.)

Corollary. Let C1 be a positively oriented simple closed contour. Then, C1 breaks the complex plane up into two regions: the interior of C1 and the exterior of C1 (by the Jordan curve theorem). Let C2 be a positively oriented simple closed contour entirely inside the interior of C1 . If f is analytic in between and on C1 and C2 , then f (z) dz =
C1 C2

f (z) dz.

Proof. Connect the contours C1 and C2 with a line L (which starts at a point a on C1 and ends at a point b on C2 ). Integrate over a new contour C that both begins and ends at a: C = (C2 ) L C1 (L) (see the picture below as you travel along C notice that the orientation is such that the domain in between C1 and C2 is always to the left!) Then, since this is a closed contour, the extension of Cauchy-Goursat implies that f (z) dz =
C C1

f (z) dz
C2

f (z) dz = 0.

Example. We can show that


o

1 dz = 2i, where Co is the positively oriented circle of radius Co z centered at the origin (for any o > 0).

Therefore, for any positively oriented simple closed contour C whose interior contains the origin, 1 dz = 2i. C z (Write out the details!)

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