RLC Circuits and Resonance
RLC Circuits and Resonance
Objectives
Determine the impedance of a series RLC circuit Analyze series RLC circuits Analyze a circuit for series resonance Analyze series resonant filters Analyze parallel RLC circuits Analyze a circuit for parallel resonance Analyze the operation of parallel resonant filters
XC is a hyperbola
xy = k
Series Resonance
Resonance is a condition in a series RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude The result is a purely resistive impedance The formula for series resonance is: fr = 1/(2LC)
Half-Power Frequencies
The upper and lower critical frequencies are also called the half-power frequencies
also called the -3 dB frequencies
voltage ratio: dB = 20 log (Vout/Vin) power ratio: dB = 10 log (Pout/Pin) The true power delivered from the source at these frequencies is one-half the power delivered at the resonant frequency
Selectivity
Selectivity defines how well a resonant circuit responds to a certain frequency and discriminates against all other frequencies The narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity The steeper the slope of the response curve, the greater the selectivity
Q Affects Bandwidth
A higher value of circuit Q (quality) results in a narrower bandwidth A lower value of Q causes a wider bandwidth The formula for the bandwidth of a resonant circuit in terms of Q is: BW = fr/Q
Q = XL/RW
Tank Circuit
A parallel resonant circuit stores energy in the magnetic field of the coil and the electric field of the capacitor. The energy is transferred back and forth between the coil and capacitor
Summary
XL and XC have opposing effects in a RLC circuit In a series RLC circuit, the larger reactance determines the net reactance of the circuit At series resonance, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal The impedance of a series RLC circuit is purely resistive at resonance In a series RLC circuit, the current is maximum at resonance
Summary
The reactive voltages VL and VC cancel at resonance in a series RLC circuit because they are equal in magnitude and 180 out of phase In a parallel RLC circuit, the smaller reactance determines the net reactance of the circuit In a parallel resonant circuit, the impedance is maximum at the resonant frequency A parallel resonant circuit is commonly called a tank circuit
Summary
The impedance of a parallel RLC circuit is maximum at resonance Current is minimum, and ideally equal to zero at resonance The phase angle is zero at resonance The bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit is the range of frequencies for which the impedance is 0.707Zmax or greater
Summary
The currents in parallel L and C branches are equal in magnitude and 180 out-of-phase with each other and thus they cancel at resonance The critical frequencies are the frequencies above and below resonance where the circuit response is 70.7% of the maximum response Cutoff frequencies are also called - 3 dB frequencies or critical frequencies A higher Q produces a narrower bandwidth