1.

Write a R program to find Area and Circumference of Circle

# Function to calculate the area of a circle

calculate_area<- function(radius)

area <- pi * radius^2

return(area)

# Function to calculate the circumference of a circle

calculate_circumference<- function(radius)

circumference <- 2 * pi * radius

return(circumference)

# Main program

main <- function() {

# Ask the user to input the radius

radius <- as.numeric(readline(prompt="Enter the radius of the circle: "))

# Calculate area and circumference

area <- calculate_area(radius)

circumference <- calculate_circumference(radius)

# Print the results

cat("For a circle with radius", radius, ":\n")

cat("Area is:", area, "\n")

cat("Circumference is:", circumference, "\n")

# Run the main program

main()
 2. Write an R program Illustrate with if-else statement and how does it operate on vectors of
variable length

# Simple if-else example

num<- as.numeric(readline(prompt="Enter a number: "))

if (num> 0) {

cat("The number is positive.\n")

} else if (num< 0) {

cat("The number is negative.\n")

} else {

cat("The number is zero.\n")

# Vector of numbers

numbers <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

# Use ifelse to check if each number is even or odd

result <- ifelse(numbers %% 2 == 0, "Even", "Odd")

# Print the result

cat("Numbers:", numbers, "\n")

cat("Even or Odd:", result, "\n")

# Vector of numbers with mixed signs

numbers <- c(-5, 0, 3, -1, 8, -7, 0, 2, 0, -3)

# Use ifelse to categorize each number

result <- ifelse(numbers > 0, "Positive",

ifelse(numbers < 0, "Negative", "Zero"))

# Print the result

cat("Numbers:", numbers, "\n")

cat("Categories:", result, "\n")

prog 2

# Define a function that checks whether each element of a vector is positive, negative, or zero

check_sign <- function(vec) {

# Initialize a result vector of the same length

result <- vector("character", length(vec))

# Loop through each element in the vector

for (i in seq_along(vec)) {

if (vec[i] > 0) {

result[i] <- "Positive"

} else if (vec[i] < 0) {

result[i] <- "Negative"

} else {

result[i] <- "Zero"

return(result)

# Create vectors of different lengths

vec1 <- c(1, -2, 0, 3, -5)

vec2 <- c(-1, 2, 0)

vec3 <- c(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

# Apply the function to each vector

result1 <- check_sign(vec1)

result2 <- check_sign(vec2)

result3 <- check_sign(vec3)

# Print the results

print(result1)

print(result2)
print(result3)

3. Write an R program Illustrate with for loop and stop on condition, to print the error message.

Prog 3
for (i in 1:10) {
if (i < 3)
next

print(i)

if (i >= 5)
print(“ error occurred”)
break

# Example vector to iterate over

values <- c(1, 2, 3, 2, 5, 1, 7)

# Loop through the vector and stop on a specific condition

for (i in 1:length(values)) {

# Check if the current value is less than or equal to 0

if (values[i] <= 0) {

# Print the error message and stop the execution

stop(paste("Error: Found a non-positive value at index", i, "with value", values[i]))

} else {

# Print the current value if it's positive

print(paste("Value at index", i, "is", values[i]))

4. Write an R Program to find Factorial of given numer

# take input from the user

num = as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1

# check is the number is negative, positive or zero

if(num < 0) {

print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers")

} else if(num == 0) {

print("The factorial of 0 is 1")

} else {

for(i in 1:num) {

factorial = factorial * i

print(paste("The factorial of", num ,"is",factorial))

findfactorial <- function(n){

factorial <- 1

if ((n==0)|(n==1))
factorial <- 1

else{
for( i in 1:n)
factorial <- factorial * i
}
return (factorial)

5. Write an R Program to append a value to given empty vector

# Define an empty vector
vector <- c()

# Values to append
values <- c('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g')

# Append each value to the vector

for (i in 1:length(values)) {
vector[i] <- values[i]
}

# Print the resulting vector

print(vector)

6. Implementation of Vectors data objects operations.

# Create vectors

numeric_vector <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

char_vector <- c("a", "b", "c", "d")

logical_vector <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)

# Access elements

vec <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

first_element <- vec[1]

first_three_elements <- vec[1:3]

elements_greater_than_20 <- vec[vec > 20]

# Arithmetic operations

vec1 <- c(1, 2, 3)

vec2 <- c(4, 5, 6)

sum_vector <- vec1 + vec2

diff_vector <- vec2 - vec1

prod_vector <- vec1 * vec2

div_vector <- vec2 / vec1

# Sequence and replication

sequence <- seq(1, 10)

sequence_step <- seq(1, 10, by=2)

rep_vector <- rep(1, times=5)

rep_each_vector <- rep(c(1, 2, 3), each=2)

# Logical operations

logical_vec1 <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)

logical_vec2 <- c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)

and_vector <- logical_vec1 & logical_vec2

or_vector <- logical_vec1 | logical_vec2

not_vector <- !logical_vec1

# Vector functions

sum_vec <- sum(vec)

mean_vec <- mean(vec)

min_val <- min(vec)

max_val <- max(vec)

sorted_vec <- sort(vec)

# Combine vectors

combined_vector <- c(vec1, vec2)

# Print results

print("First element:")

print(first_element)

print("First three elements:")

print(first_three_elements)

print("Elements greater than 20:")

print(elements_greater_than_20)

print("Sum of vectors:")

print(sum_vector)

print("Difference of vectors:")

print(diff_vector)

print("Product of vectors:")

print(prod_vector)

print("Division of vectors:")

print(div_vector)

print("Sequence from 1 to 10:")

print(sequence)

print("Sequence from 1 to 10 with step 2:")

print(sequence_step)

print("Replicate 1 five times:")

print(rep_vector)

print("Replicate each element in c(1, 2, 3) twice:")

print(rep_each_vector)

print("Logical AND of vectors:")

print(and_vector)

print("Logical OR of vectors:")

print(or_vector)

print("Logical NOT of vector:")

print(not_vector)

print("Sum of elements in vec:")

print(sum_vec)

print("Mean of elements in vec:")

print(mean_vec)

print("Minimum value in vec:")

print(min_val)

print("Maximum value in vec:")

print(max_val)

print("Sorted vec:")

print(sorted_vec)

print("Combined vector:")

print(combined_vector)

7.

1. # Matrices

numeric_matrix <- matrix(1:9, nrow=3, ncol=3)

char_matrix <- matrix(c("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"), nrow=2, ncol=3)

logical_matrix <- matrix(c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE), nrow=2, ncol=3)

element <- numeric_matrix[2, 3]

row <- numeric_matrix[1, ]

column <- numeric_matrix[, 2]

transpose_matrix <- t(numeric_matrix)

matrix1 <- matrix(1:4, nrow=2, ncol=2)

matrix2 <- matrix(5:8, nrow=2, ncol=2)

product_matrix <- matrix1 %*% matrix2

sum_matrix <- matrix1 + matrix2

diff_matrix <- matrix1 - matrix2

prod_matrix <- matrix1 * matrix2

div_matrix <- matrix1 / matrix2

# Print results

print("Numeric matrix:")

print(numeric_matrix)

print("Character matrix:")

print(char_matrix)

print("Logical matrix:")

print(logical_matrix)

print("Element at 2nd row, 3rd column of numeric matrix:")

print(element)

print("1st row of numeric matrix:")

print(row)

print("2nd column of numeric matrix:")

print(column)

print("Transpose of numeric matrix:")

print(transpose_matrix)

print("Product of matrix1 and matrix2:")

print(product_matrix)

print("Sum of matrix1 and matrix2:")

print(sum_matrix)

print("Difference of matrix1 and matrix2:")

print(diff_matrix)

print("Product of matrix1 and matrix2 element-wise:")

print(prod_matrix)

print("Division of matrix1 and matrix2 element-wise:")

print(div_matrix)

2.

# Arrays

numeric_array <- array(1:27, dim=c(3, 3, 3))

array_element <- numeric_array[1, 2, 3]

array_row <- numeric_array[1, , 2]

array_column <- numeric_array[, 2, ]

# Print results

print("Numeric array:")

print(numeric_array)

print("Element at 1st row, 2nd column, 3rd layer of numeric array:")

print(array_element)

print("1st row of 2nd layer of numeric array:")

print(array_row)

print("2nd column of all layers of numeric array:")

print(array_column)

3.

# Factors

char_vector <- c("apple", "banana", "apple", "cherry", "banana")

fruit_factor <- factor(char_vector)

factor_levels <- levels(fruit_factor)

factor_element <- fruit_factor[3]

# Print results

print("Factor levels:")

print(factor_levels)

print("3rd element of factor:")

print(factor_element)

8. Write an R Program to Find Mean, Mode & Median.

#Mean
v <- c(10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35)

cat("The vector contains:\n")

print(v)

cat("mean of all elements of the vector:", mean(v), "\n")

m <- matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60), ncol=2)

cat("\nThe matrix contains:\n")

print(m)

cat("mean of all elements of the matrix:", mean(m))

cat("\nmean along first column of the matrix:", mean(m[,1]))

#Median

v <- c(10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35)

cat("\nThe vector contains:\n")

print(v)

cat("median of the vector:", median(v), "\n")

m <- matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60), ncol=2)

cat("\nThe matrix contains:\n")

print(m)

cat("median of the matrix:", median(m))

cat("\nmedian along first column of the matrix:", median(m[,1]))

# Mode

#creating a function to calculate mode

Mode <- function(x) {

uniqx <- unique(x)

uniqx[which.max(tabulate(match(x, uniqx)))]

}
#creating a vector with numbers

v1 <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 30, 30, 50)

#creating a vector with characters

v2 <- c("this", "is", "a", "dog", "this", "this")

#calculating mode of vector v1

cat("mode of vector v1:", Mode(v1), "\n")

#calculating mode of vector v2

cat("mode of vector v2:", Mode(v2), "\n")

Part B programs
1. Write an R Program to implement T-Test

# Sample data for one-sample t-test

one_sample_data <- c(5.1, 5.8, 6.0, 5.5, 5.7, 5.6, 6.1, 5.9)

# Perform one-sample t-test

# Test if the mean of the sample data is equal to a specific value (e.g., 5.5)

one_sample_ttest <- t.test(one_sample_data, mu = 5.5)

# Print the result of one-sample t-test

print("One-Sample T-Test Result:")

print(one_sample_ttest)

# Sample data for two-sample t-test

group1 <- c(5.1, 5.8, 6.0, 5.5, 5.7, 5.6, 6.1, 5.9)

group2 <- c(5.3, 5.9, 6.2, 5.6, 5.8, 5.7, 6.3, 6.0)

# Perform two-sample t-test

# Test if the means of two independent groups are equal

two_sample_ttest <- t.test(group1, group2)

# Print the result of two-sample t-test

print("Two-Sample T-Test Result:")

print(two_sample_ttest)
2. Write an R Program Compute mean values for vector aggregates defined by factors tapply and
sapply.

# Sample data

values <- c(5.1, 5.8, 6.0, 5.5, 5.7, 5.6, 6.1, 5.9, 5.3, 5.9, 6.2, 5.6)

factors <- gl(3, 4) # Generate factor levels

# Compute mean values using tapply

mean_values_tapply <- tapply(values, factors, mean)

# Print the result of tapply

print("Mean values using tapply:")

print(mean_values_tapply)

# Sample data for sapply example

data_list <- list(

group1 = c(5.1, 5.8, 6.0, 5.5),

group2 = c(5.7, 5.6, 6.1, 5.9),

group3 = c(5.3, 5.9, 6.2, 5.6)

# Compute mean values using sapply

mean_values_sapply <- sapply(data_list, mean)

# Print the result of sapply

print("Mean values using sapply:")

print(mean_values_sapply)
3. Write an R Program to find Unique element of a given string and unique value from vector.

# Function to find unique characters in a string

unique_chars_in_string <- function(input_string) {

# Split the string into individual characters

char_vector <- strsplit(input_string, NULL)[[1]]

# Find unique characters

unique_chars <- unique(char_vector)

return(unique_chars)

# Function to find unique values in a vector

unique_values_in_vector <- function(input_vector) {

# Find unique values

unique_values <- unique(input_vector)

return(unique_values)

# Example usage

# Unique characters in a string

input_string <- "hello world"

unique_chars <- unique_chars_in_string(input_string)

print("Unique characters in the string:")

print(unique_chars)

# Unique values in a vector

input_vector <- c(1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 4)

unique_values <- unique_values_in_vector(input_vector)

print("Unique values in the vector:")

print(unique_values)
4. Write a R program to demonstrate Binomial Distribution.

# Install ggplot2 if not already installed

if (!require(ggplot2)) {

install.packages("ggplot2")

library(ggplot2)

# Parameters for the Binomial Distribution

n <- 10 # Number of trials

p <- 0.5 # Probability of success on each trial

# Generate binomial random variables

set.seed(123) # Set seed for reproducibility

binom_samples <- rbinom(1000, n, p)

# Calculate binomial probabilities

x <- 0:n

binom_prob <- dbinom(x, n, p)

# Print binomial probabilities

print("Binomial probabilities:")

print(data.frame(x = x, Probability = binom_prob))

# Plot the binomial distribution

binom_df <- data.frame(Successes = x, Probability = binom_prob)

ggplot(binom_df, aes(x = Successes, y = Probability)) +

geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "skyblue") +

labs(title = "Binomial Distribution",

x = "Number of Successes",

y = "Probability") +

theme_minimal()
# Plot histogram of binomial samples

ggplot(data.frame(Samples = binom_samples), aes(x = Samples)) +

geom_histogram(binwidth = 1, fill = "lightgreen", color = "black") +

labs(title = "Histogram of Binomial Samples",

x = "Number of Successes",

y = "Frequency") +

theme_minimal()

5. Write a R program to demonstrate Normal Distribution.

# Load necessary library

library(ggplot2)

# Parameters for the Normal Distribution

mean <- 0 # Mean of the distribution

sd <- 1 # Standard deviation of the distribution

# Generate normal random variables

set.seed(123) # Set seed for reproducibility

norm_samples <- rnorm(1000, mean, sd)

# Calculate normal density

x <- seq(-4, 4, length.out = 100)

norm_density <- dnorm(x, mean, sd)

# Print a summary of the generated normal samples

print("Summary of normal samples:")

print(summary(norm_samples))

# Plot the normal distribution

norm_df <- data.frame(x = x, Density = norm_density)

ggplot(norm_df, aes(x = x, y = Density)) +

geom_line(color = "blue") +

labs(title = "Normal Distribution",

x = "Value",

y = "Density") +

theme_minimal()

# Plot histogram of normal samples with the density curve

ggplot(data.frame(Samples = norm_samples), aes(x = Samples)) +

geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density..), binwidth = 0.2, fill = "lightblue", color = "black") +

stat_function(fun = dnorm, args = list(mean = mean, sd = sd), color = "red", size = 1) +

labs(title = "Histogram of Normal Samples with Density Curve",

x = "Value",

y = "Density") +

theme_minimal()

6. Write an R Program Illustrate Reading & Writing Files.

# Reading and Writing CSV Files

# Create a sample data frame

sample_data <- data.frame(

Name = c("John", "Alice", "Bob", "Carol"),

Age = c(28, 34, 23, 45),

Height = c(5.8, 5.5, 6.0, 5.6)

# Write the data frame to a CSV file

write.csv(sample_data, "sample_data.csv", row.names = FALSE)

# Read the data from the CSV file

read_data_csv <- read.csv("sample_data.csv")

# Print the data read from the CSV file

print("Data read from CSV file:")

print(read_data_csv)

# Reading and Writing Text Files

# Create a sample text

sample_text <- "This is an example of writing and reading text files in R."

# Write the sample text to a text file

writeLines(sample_text, "sample_text.txt")

# Read the data from the text file

read_data_txt <- readLines("sample_text.txt")

# Print the data read from the text file

print("Data read from text file:")

print(read_data_txt)
7. Write a R program for simple bar plot for 5 subject marks

# Load necessary library

if (!require(ggplot2)) {

install.packages("ggplot2")

library(ggplot2)

# Sample data for 5 subject marks

subjects <- c("Math", "Science", "English", "History", "Art")

marks <- c(85, 90, 78, 88, 92)

# Create a data frame

data <- data.frame(Subject = subjects, Marks = marks)

# Create a bar plot

p <- ggplot(data, aes(x = Subject, y = Marks)) +

geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "SKYBLUE") +

labs(title = "Marks in 5 Subjects",

x = "Subject",

y = "Marks") +

theme_minimal()

# Print the plot

print(p)

# For environments other than RStudio, you might need to explicitly print the plot

if (interactive()) {

print(p)

} else {

ggsave("bar_plot.png", plot = p)

}
8. Implementation of Data visualization using ggplot.

# Load necessary library

if (!require(ggplot2)) {

install.packages("ggplot2")

library(ggplot2)

# Load the mtcars dataset

data("mtcars")

# Scatter Plot

scatter_plot <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = wt, y = mpg)) +

geom_point(color = "blue") +

labs(title = "Scatter Plot of MPG vs Weight",

x = "Weight (1000 lbs)",

y = "Miles per Gallon (MPG)") +

theme_minimal()

print(scatter_plot)

# Bar Plot

bar_plot <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = factor(cyl))) +

geom_bar(fill = "orange") +

labs(title = "Bar Plot of Cylinder Counts",

x = "Number of Cylinders",

y = "Count") +

theme_minimal()

print(bar_plot)

# Line Plot

line_plot <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = hp, y = mpg)) +

geom_line(color = "green") +
 labs(title = "Line Plot of MPG vs Horsepower",

x = "Horsepower (HP)",

y = "Miles per Gallon (MPG)") +

theme_minimal()

print(line_plot)

# Histogram

histogram <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = mpg)) +

geom_histogram(binwidth = 2, fill = "purple", color = "black") +

labs(title = "Histogram of MPG",

x = "Miles per Gallon (MPG)",

y = "Frequency") +

theme_minimal()

print(histogram)

# Box Plot

box_plot <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = factor(cyl), y = mpg)) +

geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue") +

labs(title = "Box Plot of MPG by Cylinder Count",

x = "Number of Cylinders",

y = "Miles per Gallon (MPG)") +

theme_minimal()

print(box_plot)