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CHICKEN-QUAIL HYBRIDS
F. H. WILCOX AND C. ELMER CLARK*
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CHICKEN-QUAIL HYBRIDS
Figure 13
From left to right, hybrids from Flightless, White Leghorn, and Dark Cornish males at three to four and one-half months of age.
H I S experiment was an attempt to cross the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturmx japonica) with the chicken. It appeared to be an interesting cross to make, since these two species belong to the same subfamily (Phasianinae) 0 but to different genera. Hybrids have been hatched from crosses of the chicken to the turkey 5 and the guinea fowl2, which are members of different families but the same superfamily. Previously, Mitsumoto and Nishida4 crossed the Japanese quail with the chicken and obtained 5.4 percent fertility but
zero hatchability when the chicken male was used, and zero fertility when the quail male was used. Materials and Methods Pooled chicken semen was collected, and 0.03 ml. inseminated weekly into each of 20 to 25 quail hens. For insemination the semen was drawn into the end of small glass tubing which was connected with a syringe; the semen was forced out with air in the syringe. Quail hens were separated from quail males at seven weeks of age. They were not in-
*Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Maryland, College Park. Scientific Article No. A 900, Contribution No. 3225 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Poultry Husbandry. The authors are indebted to Dr. M. W. Olsen, U. S. D. A., for making Dark Cornish males available. 167
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The Journal of Heredity

twentieth day. Two of the chicks held their heads to one side, and one (from a White Leghorn male) had crooked toes on one foot; there were no other apparent abnormalities. The down color of the Leghorn and Flightless hybrids was yellow throughout; that of the Cornish hybrids was a brown pattern. Six of the 10 hybrids died within four days after hatching. The other four lived from four to 11 months of age. One of these was sired by White Leghorn, one by Cornish, and two by Flightless males. Three of them are shown in Figure 13. Plumage was completely white in the Leghorn hybrid, and was white with brown flecks in the two Flightless hybrids; these three were quite wild. The Cornish hybrid had dark brown feathers with some white feathers around the neck region, and was tamer than the other three. The comb was completely absent in all four hybrids, which therefore resembled the quail parents in this respect. Sex was positively identified in only twofrom Cornish and Flightless males; both were males. Weights of the crosses and average weights of the parent stocks are given in Table II. The weight of the male rather than the female is given for the quail, so that all comparisons would be on the same sex; quail hens weighed an average of 22 gm. more than the males. It is obvious that the body weight of the cross is much closer to that of the quail than that of the chicken, even when the data are converted to logarithms. It is note-worthy that there was a great difference in body weight of the two species crossed. This difference is further illustrated in Figure 14. The first hybrid to hatch was from the White Leghorn male, and suffered
seminated with chicken semen until no fertile eggs had been laid over a period of one week. It was not possible to obtain semen from the quail male, and therefore the cross was made in only one direction. Chicken semen was obtained from three breeds: White Leghorn, a Flightless strain (mostly New Hampshire with dominant white from Leghorn) and year-old and two-year-old Dark Cornish (selected for parthenogenic development). Semen was inseminated immediately after" collection, except that Cornish semen was transferred from the Agricultural Research Center at Beltsville, Maryland, which took 10 minutes. Each week eggs were put into an incubator at 99.75 F., and candled 10 days later; those with living embryos were kept in the incubator 11 days more. All eggs, except those which hatched, were broken out and observed macroscopically for embryonic development. Progeny were fed a turkey starter ration with 250,000 I.U. Vitamin A and 0.6 gm. oleandomycin per 25 pounds.
Results
The results of the inseminations are shown in Table I. Fertility was low, although higher than that previously reported 4 . Ten eggs hatched: two from White Leghorn, five from Dark Cornish, and three from Flightless males. Although hatchability of all eggs was numerically lower for the White Leghorn cross than for the other two breeds, the difference was not statistically significant (chi-square). All chicks which hatched did so without assistance and on the nineteenth day of incubation, with the exception of one which hatched on the eighteenth day and one on the
TABLE I. Fertility and hatchability of esgf from quail hen* insm]natb! with chicken Hmeo Breed of chicken White Leghorn Dark Cornish Flightless White Leghorn Dark Cornish All breeds No. of males Percent (of all eg, Dead Dead 1-10 days 11-20 days
Date Dec.-Jan. Jan.-Feb. Feb.-Mar. Mar.-May May
No. eggs
Hatched
IS 11 24 15 10
580 445 513 471 273 2282
5.5 3.4 8.2

7.4 4.8
1.2 1.3
1.4
0.6
6.0
2.9 1.4
0.2 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.4
Wilcox and Clark: Chicken-Quail Hybrids
169
STRANGE PARTNERS
Figure 14
Adult quail hen atop an adult Flightless cock.
from pasty vent and slow-growing and ragged feathers. Vitamin A and oleandomycin were added to the feed, and defecation and feather growth became normal. Therefore, these two ingredients were added to the ration for all the other hybrids.
Attempts to collect semen from the hybrids were without success. Daily injections of 0.1 to 0.5 ml. pregnant mare serum (Cutter Labs. ; 50 units/cc.) into the Leghorn hybrid made possible the eversion of the cloaca and production of slight amounts of clear fluid.
TABLB II. Body weight of progeny ironl qutail<chicfctii cro and of parent stock Quail-chicken croai Maximum body wt. Age taken Age at death gm. (mo.) (mo.)
Adult body wt. Parent White Leghorn Dark Cornish Flightless
rf (gm.)
2400 3600 3700 102
335 384 1. 350 2. 371
11 7
4 9
Quail
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The Journal of Heredity

seminated into Japanese quail hens. Ten hybrids (0.4 percent) hatched from 2,282 eggs set, usually on the nineteenth day of incubation. Down color of the Leghorn and Flightless hybrids was yellow and that of the Cornish hybrids was brown. Four of the hybrids lived from four to 11 months. All lacked a comb and were closer to the quail in weight than to the chicken. Plumage was white in the Leghorn hybrid, white with brown flecks in the two Flightless hybrids, and brown with some white in the Cornish hybrid. Literature Cited
1. ABBOTT, U. K. and R. M. CRAIG. Ob-
Ducnulon The low hatchability of eggs from the chicken-quail cross suggests that the two parent species are no more closely related than is the chicken to the guinea fowl or turkey. A similar suggestion was advanced by Mainardi" on the basis of his immunological studies and other evidence cited by him. The most remarkable feature of the present study was the apparent good health and absence of morphological defects in most of the hybrids which hatched. All were highly active, except the two with heads turned to the side. The early death of six of the 10 may possibly have been due to failure to learn to eat or drink, or to rearing in isolation, since in most cases only one hybrid was hatched at a time; but experimental evidence on this is lacking. The average hatching time of 19 days was quite uniform, and is intermediate to that of the quail and chicken, which hatch on the seventeenth1 and tWenty-first day of incubation, respectively. Plumage color was as expected on the basis of genetics of the chicken. Both the White Leghorn and Flightless parents carry dominant white. The presence of many white feathers in the Cornish hybrid cannot be easily explained, since white feathers are absent in both parents. Summary Chicken semen of three breeds (White Leghorn, Flightless, Dark Cornish) was in-
servations on hatching time in three avian species. Poultry Set. 39:827-830. 1960. 2. GRAY, A. P. Bird Hybrids. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. Robt Cunningham and Sons. Alva, Scotland. 1958. 3. MAINARDI, D. Immunological distances among some gallinaceous birds. Nature 184: 913-914. 1959.
4. MITSUMOTO, K. and S. NISHIDA. Trials
of production of the hybrid between quails and chickens. Jour. Jap. Zootech. Sci. 29 :10. 1958. 5. OLSEN, M. W. Turkey-chicken hybrids. Jour. Hered. 51 :69-73. 1960. 6. PETERS, J. L. Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. II. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass. 1934.

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CHICKEN-QUAIL HYBRIDS

F. H. WILCOX AND C. ELMER CLARK*

Downloaded from http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 20, 2012

The Journal of Heredity

Downloaded from http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 20, 2012

Date Dec.-Jan. Jan.-Feb. Feb.-Mar. Mar.-May May

580 445 513 471 273 2282

5.5 3.4 8.2

0.2 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.4

Wilcox and Clark: Chicken-Quail Hybrids

Downloaded from http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 20, 2012

Adult quail hen atop an adult Flightless cock.

Adult body wt. Parent White Leghorn Dark Cornish Flightless

2400 3600 3700 102

335 384 1. 350 2. 371

The Journal of Heredity

Downloaded from http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 20, 2012

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