ESD BOOK

PROTECTION FROM ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGES IN THE ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENTS

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ISO 9001 CERTIFIED

2004 edition

This publication is intended to help users in understanding and prevent the Electrostatic Discharges Phenomena, it is not a substitute for reference to the ESD or Safety Standards The information given in this ESD BOOK is based on CEI/IEC 61340-5-1: 1998 and CEI/IEC 61340-5-2/TS:1999 published by the International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varambe, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.iec.ch. It is recommended to buy the IEC 61340-5-1 Technical Report and IEC 61340-5-2 Technical Specification, or their national versions, as IEC documents, they have world-wide applicability .

PREFACE

STANDARDS

IEC 61340-5-1 IEC 61340-5-2 IEC 61340-4-1

Protection of electronic devices from electrostatic phenomena - General requirements (1999) Protection of electronic devices from electrostatic phenomena - User Guide (1999) Electrical resistance of floor coverings and installed floors

ANSI/ESD S20.20-1999 Protection of Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment USA 1999 (download free in pdf format, source www.esda.org ) ANSI/ESD S541-2003 Packaging Materials for ESD Sensitive Items USA 2003 (download free in pdf format, source www.esda.org )

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ESD BOOK
PROTECTION FROM ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGES IN THE ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENTS
CONTENTS

References Standards What is ESD ? ESD damage Material classification ESD protections Labels Signs Grounding: wrist-straps, foot grounders Grounding: garments, gloves, chairs EPA ESD protected area Typical Workstation Monitoring Monitoring In Field working, tools Safety Handling Carts and Shelving Packaging General Packaging - Bags Flooring Humidity Control - Ionization Ionization Testing Testing Testing Testing Training - Visitors Check list

2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 - 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

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SD

Electro Static Discharge

what is it ?

Electrostatic discharge is defined as the transfer of charge between bodies at different electrical potentials. The electrostatic charge occurs when two different materials rub or slide together or are separated. Examples are : - walking over synthetic floors - rubbing of synthetic garments - shifting of plastic boxes - unrolling of PVC adhesive tape - moving of conveyor belt Static electricity can build up high voltages in modern operating environments over 10kV is not uncommon, and with related humidity lower than 20%, over 30 kV has been recorded.

When two objects with different charges get closer, electrons can suddenly flow from one object to the other.

- - - - - -

+ + + + ++ + + + + +

ESD can also occur when a high electric field develops between two objects in close proximity.

CMOS
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ESD can results in :

higher costs lower quality unhappy customers

Many of the common activities may generate charges harmful to components

STATIC GENERATION TYPICAL VOLTAGE LEVELS Means of generation Walking across carpet Walking across vinyl tile Worker at bench Poly bag picked up from bench Chair with urethane foam 10-25% RH 35,000 12,000 6,000 20,000 18,000 Volt Volt Volt Volt Volt 65-90% RH 1,500 250 100 1,200 1,500 Volt Volt Volt Volt Volt

DEVICE TYPE VMOS MOSFET GaAsFET EPROM JFET

ESD SUSCEPTIBILITY 30 - 1,800 100 - 200 100 - 300 100 Volt Volt Volt Volt

DEVICE TYPE CMOS OP-AMP BI-POLAR TRANSISTORS SCHOTTKY DIODES SCHOTTKY TTL

ESD SUSCEPTIBILITY 250 - 3,000 Volt 190 - 2,500 Volt 380 - 7,000 Volt 300 - 2,500 Volt 1000 - 2,500 Volt

140 - 7,000 Volt

Catastrophic in-house failure ESD DAMAGE COST LEVELS Latent failure

Limited cost It is the easiest type of ESD damage normally detected during testing Higher cost due to: - customer support - servicing facility - replacement equipment - loss of reputation - loss of customers

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For ESD purposes, many materials are classified by their resistance or resistivity characteristics.

SURFACE RESISTANCE W Conductive materials SHIELDING materials 103 105 Static-dissipative materials 1012 Insulative materials

Surface resistance measurements are not always appropriate to establish the effectiveness of the materials, where resistance is higher than 1x1010 W, or where the material is of non-homogeneous woven it is mandatory to measure the decay time of the generated charge ELECTROSTATIC SHIELDING MATERIALS providing a Faraday cage protection, limit the passage of current and attenuate the energy resulting from an electrostatic discharge. Most static shielding materials include a conductive (less than 1x103 W) metal or carbon element that suppresses the field, attenuates, or reflects field energy. CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS characterised by a low electrical resistance (less than 1x105 W), allow the charge to quickly distribute itself throughout the material. If the conductive material is connected to ground , all charge will flow away. Some examples of conductors are metals, carbon and the human body's sweat layer. STATIC-DISSIPATIVE MATERIALS are defined as those having a surface resistance greater than 1 x 105 W but less than 1 x 1012 W. Charges will flow to ground slower than with conductive materials, reducing its destroying potential. INSULATIVE MATERIALS are defined as those having a surface resistance of at least 1 x 1012 W. Insulative materials have a high electrical resistance and are difficult to ground. Static charges remain in place on these materials for a very long time. This property make insulators a hazard that must be controlled as part of an ESD program. Some examples of insulators are common plastics, glass and air.

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ESD DAMAGE CAN OCCUR AT ANY TIME:

GOODS INPUT ACCEPTANCE PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY TESTING STORING PACKING SHIPPING MAINTENANCE
BASIC ESD CONTROLS GROUNDING SHIELDING NEUTRALIZATION (ionizers)

Four gold rules

1 - Assume that all active components are sensitive to ESD

2 - 1 Handle electronic components only in the ESD protected area (EPA) and only when you are properly grounded.

3 - Store and transport the ESD-sensitive items in ESD protective containers.

4 -Check regularly the ESD protection system, internal and external (suppliers) Take in evidence the principle 'No Charge/No discharge' , the elimination of charge build-up is obtained by using conductive and dissipative materials that have less tendency to generate static charges. All equipment must be free of moving parts that may generate charges, e.g., rubber rollers, plastic stoppers, etc. Things which the devices may come in contact with or get transported on must also be antistatic or conductive. The use of ionizers to neutralize newly generated charges will also prevent charge build-up. The minimization of movements in the work area, as well the use of ESD-safe equipment, will help in minimizing static charges generated by personnel.

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BASIC SYMBOL The basic symbol consists of a yellow hand within a black triangle. It is intended to identify devices and assemblies which are ESD sensitive.

min. 4mm

PROTECTION SYMBOL Used to designate all ESD protective products such as bags, boxes, garments. A letter is added under the symbol to indicate the primary function:

*
EPA LABEL

C D S L

conductive dissipative shielding low charging

Used to designate EPA equipments such as tables, trolleys, chairs .

EPA

ATTENTION
OBSERVE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE SENSITIVE DEVICES

EARTH

min. 4mm

BONDING POINT

ESD CAUTIONARY SYMBOL

EARTH BONDING POINT (EBP)

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The signs are designed to attract attention and deliver a clear message to personnel and visitors before they enter the EPA. Where high voltages greater than 250VAC or 500VDC are present, use proper warning signs.

EPA WARNING SIGN

ESD PROTECTED AREA

OBSERVE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE SENSITIVE DEVICES

ATTENTION

EPA WHICH CONTAIN HIGH VOLTAGE

ESD PROTECTED AREA

OBSERVE PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE SENSITIVE DEVICES

HIGH VOLTAGE

ATTENTION

EPA EXIT SIGN

ATTENTION
YOU ARE LEAVING THE EPA

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people are the primary source of electrostatic charges

The elimination of charge build-up is obtained by using conductive and dissipative materials that have less tendency to generate static charges. Grounding systems shall be used to ensure that components, personnel and any other conductors are at the same electrical potential. For proper and safe grounding the ESD ground must be tied directly to and at the same potential as the building or green/yellow ground.

PERSONNEL GROUNDING DEVICES

The wrist strap is the most used device to ground personnel, it will safely and effectively drain static charges from the body.

Earth Bonding Point 1M W 1MW 1MW

Someone offers ESD Wrist straps without cord (cordless), we can assure that are ineffective.

EBP (earth bonding point)

Earth

In some locations, such as stores and around equipment, conductive shoes or foot grounders are used. Foot grounders should be worn on both feet to ensure constant contact to ground floor or floor mat. Foot grounders will not function properly if used on surfaces which are insulative or improperly grounded.

Earth

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Garments

The main purpose for wearing conductive smocks is to suppress static fields on employee clothing. The conductive fibers woven into the material provide a Faraday cage that prevents dangerous fields from extending to and damaging sensitive products. There shall be electrical conductivity between all parts of the garment.

Gloves ESD sensitive device can experience a damaging discharge if touched by a person, even if that person is properly grounded. Increasing the electrical path's contact resistance is one way to control the speed of the discharge. A good way to accomplish this is by wearing static dissipative cots and gloves.

Chairs The resistance to ground from any part of the seat which may have contact with personnel, must be less than 1x1010W. At least two castors or feet must provide a path to ground.

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A EP

a (ESD a defined re An EPA activityProtectedtoArea) isdamage to aspace where no A items or are able cause sensitive device.
In the simplest case - a field work station - it may consist of a dissipative mat, a wrist strap and common grounding facility for both.

MAXIMUM ALLOWED ELECTROSTATIC FIELD: 100V/cm

17 4 3 13 12 6 7 18

9 2 14

EPA

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5 15 1 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Groundable castors Groundable surface Wrist-strap tester Footwear tester Footwear foot plate Wrist cord and wrist band Ground cord Ground Earth bonding point (EBP) Groundable point of trolley 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10

11

Toe and heel strap (footwear) Ionizer Static-dissipative working surface Seat with groundable feet and pads Static-dissipative floor Low charging garments Shelvings with grounded surfaces EPA sign

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TYPICAL WORKSTATION

It is important that each bench, or work surface, is covered with the proper ESD material and properly connected to earth using a system of cords and Earth Bonding Points (EBPs) Wriststrarp with coiled cord, 1MW built-in

N A ARE TED TEC E PRO OBSERVS FOR TION ESD CAU DLINGTIC E E ATT NTIO
PR HAN OSTA GE S CTR ELEISCHAREVICE D E D SITIV SEN

Earth Bonding Point 1M W 1M W 1M W

EBP

Dissipative footwear

Earth

When using this type of grounding method be sure that the total resistance "hand to earth" is lower than 3.5x107W. Ground all soldering iron tips. Rg max 1x107W

Dissipative flooring connected to the EBP (Earth Bonding Point)

Remove all extraneous materials from the workstation (food, beverages, combs, bags, clothing etc) Test the wrist strap/operator daily or install constant monitors. Inspect the ESD grounding connections, the mats, the EBP, weekly. Clean the surfaces with purpose-made antistatic cleaner, do not use commercial products, the cleaners may leave a residue insulative layer.

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Check your ESD equipment regularly

ESD protection systems as wrist straps, foot grounders, work surfaces and floors need to be checked on a regular basis. This is an important requirement of the ESD standard IEC 61340-5-1.
WRISTLAB TEST STATION
HOW TO TEST YOUR WRIST STRAP

Personnel testing
The personnel grounding tester is a wrist strap and/or footwear tester to check personnel grounding systems before entering an EPA.

1) Indossare il bracciale. Assicurarsi che sia aderente.

LO BAT

3) Collegare il cordone nell'ingresso "ATTACH CORD". 4) Premere con le dita "TOUCHPLATE" . 5)ATTENZIONE a non alterare la misura toccando con l'altra mano il tester o il bracciale. 6) La luce verde ed il buzzer indicano che il bracciale e l'operatore sono conformi. 7) la luce rossa o gialla segnalano non-conformit. 8) L'indicatore "LO-BAT" segnala batteria esaurita.

FAIL

LOW

PASS

HIGH

FAIL

WRISTLAB

PERSONNEL CIRCUIT TESTER

TOUCHPLATE FOOTWEAR 35 FOOTWEAR 100 CORD TEST END CORD TEST ATTACH ATTACH CORD

mod.9265.026

check wrist straps and footwear twice a day

For standing operations

ESD flooring used with approved footwear, may be an alternative to the wrist strap system, in this case the standard is more restrictive and one of the following conditions must be met: - the resistance of the person to the ground must be less than 3.5x107 W - the maximum body voltage generation must be less than 100 volts. It is easier to check the first condition, we suggest to use a Megaohmmeter with one lead attached to the ground and one electrode held by the person wearing ESD footwear standing on the factory's protective floor.

check the "footwear/flooring system" twice a year

Garments

Rs < 1 x 1012W Charge decay 2s 7.5 x 105 Rg 1x 1012W

Glove and finger coats as worn

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can be used to constantly to Continuous Monitors wrist straps, work surfaces andmonitorallESD protective items such as floors, the systems provide visual and audible alarms. Continuous monitoring reduces but not replace the periodic checks.

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CONTINUOUS MONITORING METHODS Capacitive affected by noise and capacitive variations associated with personnel and environmental conditions. Dual-wire / Current loop accurate but expensive system requires special wrist straps Wave distortion detection good system not affected by interference check the continuous monitor functions semi-annually

EPA testing
check workstations, floor mats, ESD ground connections , ionizers monthly check ESD control instruments annually Resistance to ground should be: Worksurface: Floors: Seating: Tools: 7.5 x 105W Rg 1 x 109W Rg 1 x 109W Rg 1 x 1010W Rg 1 x 1012W

Ionizers
Ionizers neutralize electrostatic charges with fans that blow large quantities of positive and negative ions. Ionizers out of balance (different quantities of negative and positive ions), can place a significant charge on items instead of neutralizing the charges.

check ionizers monthly (see Test method on page 29)

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IN FIELD WORKS d elField work is perhaps the most risky situation of handling ESD sensitive Fi

devices, it is also often the most neglected aspect of ESD damage prevention. The situation is risky as there are usually many potential ESD sources in the environment. Spare parts should be transported inside static shielding bags or containers . Where modules have to be worked on in an exposed state, staticdissipative matting should be bonded to the product's electrostatic bonding point, and to the ground to act as a work surface.

Typical "field service kit"

Wriststrap with 1MW resistor with coiled cord

Lay ESD sensitive devices only on the mat Grounding cord with 1MW resistor built-in

Static dissipative mat

olsToolsofshouldvaluehave insulating handles.required. charge to less than o 10% initial not (1000V) within 2 sec. is Decay of T Soldering irons tips must be grounded to earth, and must be used only at
low voltages (6 to 24V)

Earth Bonding Point 1M W 1M W 1M W

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Before we get to the key issues of ESD control, it is important to note that personnel safety is paramount. In no way should an ESD control program replace or supersede any requirements for personnel safety.

In the factory, grounding personnel around the AC power line is a possible hazard. Personal grounding should not be used when working around voltages greater than 250 VAC. Although personal grounding items must include a 1MW resistor to limit current to less than 0.25 mA, ground fault circuit interrupters should be used. Where high voltages greater than 250VAC or 500VDC are present, use proper warning signs. (see page 9)

TYPICAL EPA AREA CONFIGURATION

WRISTSTRAP

1MW WORKING BENCH FLOORING

3 x 1MW EARTH BONDING POINT

Safety management is responsible for selecting equipment that complies with applicable laws and regulatory codes.

GROUNDING CONNECTION < 1x 106 W

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TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
Store and transport ESD-sensitive items properly

When transporting and storing ESD sensitive devices, use trays, racks, tote boxes and bags made of conductive, dissipative or shielding materials.

To transport loose leaded devices, conductive foam is often employed. This prevents a potential difference of more than a few volts appearing across the pins.

Dissipative tubes are used for bulk supply of dual-in-line packages.

Dissipative or conductive open part bins, tote boxes, PCB holders, trays, are used for subassemblies and printed circuit boards.

Bags
Packaging used within an EPA shall be: - all with low charge generation properties - made in dissipative or conductive material for intimate contact (see page 21 for bag specifications)

3-LAYERS

LABEST AT A3
DISSIPATI VE FILM

04 PE-L D

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can generate static charges that can transfer to products being transported. ESD safe carts are made from dissipative or conductive materials and are equipped with dissipative or conductive wheels. If wheels are insulating the structure can be grounded to the floor through a metallic chain. If the floor of the EPA is not grounding, then the trolley should be grounded from its grounding point to an earth bonding point, when stationary for loading or unloading.

RACK, CART AND SHELVING

Every surface on which ESDS are placed must be connected to ground, and have a point-to-point resistance between 1x104W and 1x1010W, and resistance-to-ground between 7.5x105W and 1x109 W. Surface to ground resistance values may be achieved by including discrete resistors in the ground path, or by the resistance of the material which is directly grounded.

Conductive wheels When surfaces (example: crome plated steel) have a point to point resistance lower than 1x104W, for housing ESD sensitive devices, use proper static dissipative boxes or mats.

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a ck The aim oftoESD ESDS itempackaging is to prevent a directdissipation of a discharge the protective contained within and allow for electrostatic P charge from the exterior surface. Packaging material will also often provide
mechanical protection and protection against contamination by dust or humidity. IEC 61340-5-1 defines three levels of packaging: Intimate proximity in contact with the ESDS does not make contact with the ESDS, but may enclose one or more ESDS mainly used to give physical protection, is kept away from ESDS and is not allowed in the EPA

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secondary

INSIDE THE EPA

Intimate ESDS Either low charging and conductive or low charging and static-dissipative (for powered ESDS only low charging and static-dissipative above 1x109 W shall be used) Non ESDS Proximity Low charging and electrostatic shielding or low charging and conductive or static-dissipative

OUTSIDE THE EPA

Intimate As for inside EPA Proximity Electrostatic shielding

Dissipative or low charging

No requirements

Note: Where surface resistance >1x 1010 W is used, the material shall be procured with a T1000 < 2 sec

caution in purchasing: some packaging materials may be humidity dependent and may have limited shelf life, some other may contaminate or shed particles that cause production-related problems. ( example: a too brittle hard foam)

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a BAGS ckantistatic (low charge) Pa Use: within the EPA for packing non-ESD sensitive
Cost: Appearance: Material: items low clear or tinted (pink, blue, green) Polyethylene mono or multilayer

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Characteristics Rs 1x1010 to 1x1012 W T1000 < 2 sec at 50% rH, 22C Shelf-life: generally 1 year

conductive
Use: good degree of protection for many ESD sensitive items. Don't use with powered devices. medium black polyethylene with carbon added

Cost: Appearance: Material:

Characteristics Rs 1x103 to 1x105 W Shelf-life: more than 5 years

shielding
Use: Cost: Appearance: Material: for intimate packaging of all ESD sensitive items. high metallized semi-transparent

generally a vacuum deposited aluminium between layers of polyester and polyethylene film Characteristics shielding bags meet the two main requirements: low charging and electrostatic discharge shielding barrier. more than 2 years Shelf-life:

moisture barrier
Corrosion and thus moisture protection is becoming increasingly important, Dry Packaging is usually required for electronic devices that have to be placed into long term storage. To provide a complete protection of devices, one desiccant pack and one Humidity Monitor Card are inserted into the bag prior the vacuum sealing.

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Static protective permanent flooring, in conjunction with conductive footwear or heel grounding straps, drains static charge away to ground through the floor. It is a solid foundation for a comprehensive static control system. In addition to dissipating charges, the static-dissipative flooring reduces triboelectric charge generation in walking and minimise charge accumulation on chairs, carts, lift trucks and other objects that move across the floor. However, these items require dissipative or conductive castors or wheels to make electrical contact with the floor. Use dissipative shoes or footgrounders on ESD protective flooring

Lower conductive layer Concrete subfloor

Dissipative floor

Rs 1 x 1010W Rg 1 x 109W

Recommendations - choose a floor covering with Rg lower than 3,5x107W, this enable the grounding of personnel via the flooring-footwear system (see page 14) in alternative with the wriststrap system. - choose a floor covering suitable for your traffic level (frequency, weight, type of castors ) - take in consideration the sound absorption, anti-fatigue and anti slip properties - ask to the supplier a guarantee that the earth leakage resistance will be maintained, throughout the useful life of the floor material.

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With reference to the installation systems, static control flooring can be classified into three groups:

Permanently installed floors

Vinyl tiles usually earthed via a strip of copper foil and bonded with conductive acrylic adhesive. Aesthetically attractive Poor heat and chemical resistance Rubber tiles usually earthed via a strip of copper foil and bonded with conductive acrylic adhesive. Excellent heat and chemical resistance Carpet Aesthetically attractive, mostly used in offices Difficult to reach a good static dissipation Resinous flooring (Epoxy, vinyl ester, polyurethane coating) Variable thickness for different traffic condition Chemical resistant. Easy to clean. Topcoats may get scratched or abraded

Periodically applied topical coatings on existing floor surfaces

Lower material cost, easy to apply Difficult to reach a good static dissipation Worn away easily and frequent recoating is required

Mats placed over existing floors

Vinyl mats Possibility to move the mat Poor heat and chemical resistance Limited coverage area Rubber mats Possibility to move the mat Excellent heat and chemical resistance Limited coverage area Grid mats (polypropylene, polyethylene) Possibility to move the mat Good operator comfort, insulation from cold floor Limited coverage area

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The most significant environmental factor in ESD Control is the relative humidity (Rh)

When humidity in the working environment decreases, the human body and other insulators can easily charge with static electricity due to friction. The air itself, being dry, becomes a part of the electrostatic build-up mechanism, every time an air flow (wind, air conditioning, blower) come over an insulated surface. Relative Humidity shall be maintained over 30%. Below that value it is recommended the use of ionization. Environmental Monitoring Each EPA area shall be equipped with a Humidity/Temperature meter to record these data.These informations are useful to establish the distribution through the time of ESD related failures (needed to the Failure Process Analysis).

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Where grounding of some equipment or parts of it through the traditional earthing techniques is impractical and where it is impossible to exclude all charging materials from the working area, the use of suitable ionizers is highly

Air Ionization systems work by flooding the atmosphere with positive and negative ions. When the ionized air comes in contact with a charged surface, the surface attracts ions of the opposite polarity. As a result the static electricity that has built up on products and equipment is neutralised. Ions do remove small particles or smoke and pollens from the air, and subjective research suggest that people working in ionized area are happier. IONIZER Nuclear AC DC PROTECTION Local (little area) High maintenance required Low discharge time when using high volume blowers Very Low discharge time bench Ionizers Ionizing bars Ionizing guns Manual Environmental Control Automatic Environmental Control

Complete (whole room)

Maximum Ozone generation accepted by law: 0.2mg per m3(0.1ppm) DC Ionizers with balanced ions emission are the best solution for local protection.

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some types of ionizers

BENCH TOP IONIZING BLOWER

OVERHEAD IONIZING BLOWER

AIR FORCE BLOW-OFF GUN very useful to blow off charged dust particles from electronic card, and other equipment or materials.

The most common test to evaluate air ionizer performance is the static decay time measurement (see pag. 29)

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s Te Resistance measurement is the most common tests to verify the efficiency of working surfaces
POINT TO POINT RESISTANCE Is the resistance measured between two points on the surface using a Megaohmmeter with two electrodes.

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RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

Always record: T (C) Rh (%) values, as the resistance measurements may change with these two parameters.

RESISTANCE TO GROUND should be measured using a Megohmeter with one electrode placed on the surface and the other terminal connected to the groundable point. The resistance should measure between 7.5x105 and 1x109 W.

For many materials, the measured resistance depends on the applied voltage; according to IEC61340-4-1 the test voltage applied by the Megohmeter is given in the following table

Rx (W) Rx 1x105 1x105< Rx 1x1012

Open circuit test voltage (V) 10 100

Cylindrical probes with 63mm diameter and 2.3kg weight, meets IEC and ANSI/ESD standards.

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CONCENTRIC RING PROBE

MATERIAL UNDER TEST

100V 10V 500V RESISTANCE METER 100K W W 1K 1M W 100G W 10G 500G W

MATERIAL UNDER TEST

COUNTER-ELECTRODE
RESISTANCE METER 10V 1K W 10GW 100V 100K W 100G W 500V 1M W 500G W

FLOOR

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RESISTANCE METER 10V 1K W 10GW 100V 100K W 100G W 500V 1M W 500G W

MEASURE

MEASURE

MEASURE

PROG

PROG

PROG

GIGALAB

GIGALAB

GIGALAB

Vtest

Vtest

Vtest

ENTER

ENTER

ENTER

OFF

t es T

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SURFACE RESISTIVITY Defines the electrical resistance of the surface of the material, it is expressed in W/square and theoretically is 10 times greater than the point to point resistance. Measurements can be made using a square probe with two parallel electrodes or a concentric ring probe, in compliance with IEC61340-5-1 . Always record: T (C) Rh (%) values, as the resistance measurements may change with these two parameters.

OFF OFF

VOLUME RESISTANCE Is defined as the ratio of dc voltage to current passing between two electrodes (of a specified configuration) that contact opposite sides of the material of the object under test. Volume resistance is measured in W. It is normal to test mats or sheets with a cylindrical probe and a flat counter-electrode

PERSON TO GROUND RESISTANCE Measuring Resistance through a Person to Ground according IEC61340-4-5 for the measurement of a resistance through the combination of a person /shoes / flooring system .

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some hand-held electrostatic instruments useful to locate static charge problems

The accurate measurement of electrostatic fields requires the operator to be familiar with this type of equipment. Most hand-held meters require the measure to be taken at a fixed distance from the object (typical distance is one inch). Equipment manufacturers typically specify that the object being measured needs to have certain minimum dimensions. Objects smaller than the minimum dimensions may not provide an accurate reading. 1 inch (25.4mm)

ground the case

Electrostatic VOLTMETER There exist noncontacting instruments that can provide accurate measurements at a wide probe-to-surface spacing range and can inspect small charged areas on the surface under test. The higher spot resolution capability is useful to locate charges on non homogeneous materials. 5-25mm

ground the case choose instruments that make accurate measurements in ionized environments too.

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VERIFICATION OF AIR IONIZERS

An ionization test kit can very quickly verify the proper functioning of an ionizer. The ionization test kit should be grounded and placed in the ionized airflow to measure the decay time and the balance of air ionization equipment, the charger is used to charge an isolated plate applied on the field-meter. charged electrode placed in the ionizer air stream

charger ( 1000Vdc ) ionizer ground the case CHARGED PLATE MONITOR Charged plate monitor tests the efficiency of ionizer's ion production by measuring how long it takes air ions produced to discharge a floating ion collecting plate that has been precharged to either a positive or negative charge level. plate voltage (adjustable) decay time digital field meter

charge plate placed in the ionized air stream plate dimensions : 150x150mm meet IEC and ANSI/ESD standards

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purchase, read and get familiar with the IEC 61340-5-1 Standards

STANDARDS:

ESD TEAM:

establish and organise an ESD Team responsible for the ESD control program.

TRAINING:

train the operators to the use and check of personal protection, handling, etc. Sub/contractors and visitors shall be made aware of local ESD procedures.

VIDEO:

some video training on ESD event, cause and effect, examples, demonstration, will get everyone aware of this important problematic.

SIGNALING:

clear signs to identify the Electrostatic Protected Area or any ESD hazard, shall be widely and properly used to alert operators, or to draw their attention over protection.

DISCIPLINE:

Manager and technicians shall always respect the standards and quality procedure so as to give a good example to the operators.

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Visitors entering the EPA shall behave properly to prevent any ESD damage or danger. In case of a conductive floor they shall wear ESD heel and toe grounder, which also exist in the economic disposable version. It is recommended to wear an antistatic overall, and also a connected wrist-strap in case of PCB or component manipulation.

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Simple Audit Check List for ESD Control Program. It is essential to implement corrective action if deficiencies are discovered.

YES - Are personnel wearing grounded wrist straps at the ESD protective workstations? - Are personnel checking regularly their wrist strap's continuity or using a continuous ground monitor? - Is the ESD equipment at the workstation properly grounded ? - Where ESD protective flooring is used, are dissipative footwear worn? - Where ESD protective floors and footwear are used, do personnel check continuity to ground upon entering the area? - When required, are ESD protective garments correctly worn ? - Is the workstation clear of all not-essential personal items ? - Are all ESD sensitive devices stored and transported in static- shielding container ?

NO

- Are all ESD sensitive devices correctly labelled ?

- Are visitors crossing the EPA using proper ESD protection ? - Do you report any ESD hazards that you notice to your ESD responsible?

ESDBOOK

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