Notes on Python Programming
1. Introduction
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose
programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1991.
Known for simplicity, readability, and flexibility.
Extensively used in web development, data science, AI/ML,
scripting, automation, networking, and GUI applications.
Motto: “Python is simple and powerful.”
2. Features of Python
Easy to learn & use → Syntax is close to English.
Interpreted language → No need for compilation, executed line by
line.
Portable → Runs on Windows, Linux, MacOS, etc.
Object-Oriented → Supports classes, objects, inheritance,
polymorphism.
Extensive Libraries → NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, TensorFlow,
Django, Flask, etc.
Dynamic Typing → No need to declare variable types.
Automatic Memory Management (Garbage collection).
Integrated with other languages (C, C++, Java).
3. Python Basics
Hello World Program:
print("Hello, World!")
Variables:
x = 10
name = "Alice"
Data Types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, set.
Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment, Bitwise.
4. Control Statements
Conditional (if-elif-else):
age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("Eligible to vote")
else:
print("Not eligible")
Loops:
o for loop → Iterates over a sequence.
o while loop → Runs until condition is false.
o break / continue / pass → Control flow inside loops.
5. Functions
Defining functions:
def greet(name):
return "Hello " + name
Built-in functions: print(), len(), type(), range(), input(), int(), str().
Lambda (anonymous) functions:
square = lambda x: x*x
6. Data Structures
List: Ordered, mutable.
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Tuple: Ordered, immutable.
coordinates = (10, 20)
Set: Unordered, unique elements.
numbers = {1, 2, 3}
Dictionary: Key-value pairs.
student = {"name": "John", "age": 20}
7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Class & Object:
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def display(self):
print("Name:", self.name)
s = Student("Alice")
s.display()
Supports inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism,
abstraction.
8. File Handling
Open file:
f = open("data.txt", "r")
Read/Write:
data = f.read()
f.write("Hello World")
Always close file using f.close() or use with statement.
9. Exception Handling
Used to handle runtime errors gracefully.
try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
finally:
print("Done")
10. Python Modules & Packages
Module: A Python file (.py) containing functions and classes.
Package: Collection of modules with __init__.py.
Importing:
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))
11. Python Libraries
Data Science: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn.
Machine Learning / AI: Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch.
Web Development: Django, Flask, FastAPI.
Automation / Scripting: OS, Sys, Subprocess.
Networking: Socket, Paramiko, Requests.
12. Advantages of Python
Easy syntax, beginner-friendly.
Large community support.
Cross-platform compatibility.
Rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks.
Used in multiple domains (AI, Web, IoT, Data Science).
13. Disadvantages of Python
Slower than C/C++ (interpreted).
Not ideal for mobile app development.
Higher memory usage.
14. Applications of Python
Web development.
Data Science and Machine Learning.
Artificial Intelligence.
Automation & Scripting.
Game development.
Networking and Security.
IoT (Internet of Things).
✅ Summary:
Python is a versatile, powerful, and easy-to-learn programming
language widely used in modern technologies like AI, ML, Data Science,
and Web Development. With its readable syntax, large libraries, and
portability, Python is one of the most popular languages today.
