Encapsulation Value of Classes and Objects Defining Classes: Data Encapsulation Procedural Encapsulation
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Katie SteinbergEncapsulation Value of Classes and Objects Defining Classes: Data Encapsulation Procedural Encapsulation
Uploaded by
Katie SteinbergEncapsulation Value of classes and objects Defining classes Data encapsulation Procedural encapsulation Declaring and using objects
What you have learned thus far
excellent practice
Function Function Function Data
Function Function Function Function
Function
difficult to maintain large collection of functions
Function Function Function Data Function Function Function Function
Function
For more structured code
tasks split out into collaborating objects objects have
data members and functions that act upon the data
tasks split out into collaborating objects objects have
data members and functions that act upon the data
Member Function Member Function Object Data members Member Function
Member Function
Member Function
Object Data members
Can only access object through member functions
Can only access object through member functions
string str; int length = str.length();
Can only access object through member functions
string str; int length = str.length(); cin >> str; cout << str; str = str + "help";
You can use an object without knowing its implementation
Use the member functions
Data and code in single object
Can only access data using member functions
Member Function Member Function
Object Data members
Member Function
Hide data from code that is outside the object Only member fns can directly access and alter object data
Object Data members
Member Function Member Function
Client Code
Programmer
doesn't implement single object implements a class
Describes set of objects with same behavior Specify
define data members
define member functions
implement member functions
class
class
Instances of house described by blueprint
Classes reflect concepts Objects reflect instances that embody those concepts. object
class
girl
Jodie
Daria
Jane
Brittany
#include <string>
string cityName;
instance class
#include <string>
string cityName;
sets up space in memory tells compiler how to allocate
#include <string>
string cityName; cityName = "Ann Arbor";
assign value into instance
#include <string>
string cityName; cityName = "Ann Arbor";
member function
int size = cityName.length();
instance
#include <iostream>
int val; cin >> val;
cout << val + 5;
instance of class istream instance of class ostream
class
#include <fstream>
ifstream ins;
instance
ins.open("data.txt");
class
#include <fstream>
ifstream ins;
instance
ins.open("data.txt");
member function
class Rectangle { double width; double length; };
struct Rectangle { double width; double length; };
Class implementation details are hidden from the clients view. This is called information hiding.
Public functions of a class provide the interface between the client code and the class objects.
client code
specification
implementation
Data
Data Code that manipulates that data
Interface
Data Code that manipulates that data
Interface
Data Code that manipulates that data Clients
class Rectangle { double width; double length; };
struct Rectangle { double width; double length; };
class Rectangle { public double width; double length; };
struct Rectangle { double width; double length; };
//defaults public
class Rectangle int main { { public: Rectangle rect; double width; rect.width = 5; double length; rect.length = 10; }; }
class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; };
class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; };
provides protection for data
class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; } };
provides protection for data
int main { Rectangle rect; rect.width = 5; rect.length = 10;
compile error
class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; public: void setWidth(double); void setLength(double); double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const; };
class Rectangle { public: void setWidth(double); void setLength(double); double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const; private: double width; double length; };
class Rectangle int main { { public: Rectangle rect; void setWidth(double); rect.setWidth(5); void setLength(double);
double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const;
rect.setLength(10);
private: double width; double length; };
class Rectangle int main { { public: Rectangle rect; void setWidth(double); rect.setWidth(5); void setLength(double);
double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const;
rect.setLength(10);
private: double width; double length; };
use "public interface" to alter private data members
setWidth setLength
rect width: length:
int main { Rectangle rect; rect.setWidth(5); rect.setLength(10); }
setWidth setLength
rect
width:
length:
5 10
int main { Rectangle rect; rect.setWidth(5); rect.setLength(10); }
rect
width:
length:
5 10
rect2
width:
length:
7 42
int main { Rectangle rect; rect.setWidth(5); rect.setLength(10); Rectangle rect2 rect2.setWidth(7); rect2.setLength(42); }
//setWidth assigns its argument to the //private member width void Rectangle::setWidth(double w) { if (w >= 0) rect width = w; else width: 5 width = 0; length: 10 }
//setLength assigns its argument to the //private member length void Rectangle::setLength(double len) { if (len >= 0) length = len; rect else length = 0; width: 5 } length: 10
//getWidth returns the value within // width double Rectangle::getWidth() const { return width; }
//getLength returns the value within // length double Rectangle::getLength() const { return length; }
//calcArea() calculates the area of the // rectangle double Rectangle::calcArea() const { return width * length; }
double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const;
blocks function from altering private data
double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const;
blocks function from altering private data
compile error if attempted
void Rectangle::setWidth(double w);
indicates: setWidth()
void Rectangle::setWidth(double w);
indicates: setWidth() part of Rectangle class
box
int main() { Rectangle box; double tempWidth, tempLength;
width length
cout << "Enter: width and length "; cin >> tempWidth >> tempLength; box.setWidth(tempWidth); box.setLength(tempLength);
tempWidth
cout << "Here's the area: "; cout << box.getArea() << endl;
return 0; }
tempLength
box
int main() { Rectangle box; double tempWidth, tempLength;
width length
cout << "Enter: width and length "; cin >> tempWidth >> tempLength; box.setWidth(tempWidth); box.setLength(tempLength);
tempWidth
10
cout << "Here's the area: "; cout << box.getArea() << endl;
return 0; }
tempLength
5
box
int main() { Rectangle box; double tempWidth, tempLength;
width
10
length 5
cout << "Enter: width and length "; cin >> tempWidth >> tempLength; box.setWidth(tempWidth); box.setLength(tempLength);
tempWidth
10
cout << "Here's the area: "; cout << box.getArea() << endl;
return 0; }
tempLength
5
int main() { Rectangle box; double tempWidth, tempLength;
box width
10
length 5
cout << "Enter: width and length "; cin >> tempWidth >> tempLength; box.setWidth(tempWidth); box.setLength(tempLength);
tempWidth
10
cout << "Here's the area: "; cout << box.getArea() << endl;
return 0; }
tempLength
5
kitchen
int main() length { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width bedroom.getArea() + length bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
kitchen
int main() length { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width bedroom.getArea() + length bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
Rectangle getData(string str) { double tempWidth, tempLength; cout << "Enter width for " << str << ": "; cin >> tempWidth;
str kitchen
cout << "Enter length for " tempWidth 5 << str << ": "; cin >> tempLength; tempLength 10 Rectangle temp; temp.setWidth(tempWidth); temp.setLength(tempLength); return temp; }
Rectangle getData(string str) { double tempWidth, tempLength; cout << "Enter width for " << str << ": "; cin >> tempWidth;
str kitchen
cout << "Enter length for " tempWidth 5 << str << ": "; cin >> tempLength; tempLength 10 Rectangle temp; temp.setWidth(tempWidth); temp.setLength(tempLength); return temp; }
temp
width
length 10
Rectangle getData(string str) { double tempWidth, tempLength; cout << "Enter width for " << str << ": "; cin >> tempWidth;
str kitchen
cout << "Enter length for " tempWidth 5 << str << ": "; cin >> tempLength; tempLength 10 Rectangle temp; temp.setWidth(tempWidth); temp.setLength(tempLength); return temp; }
temp
width
length 10
kitchen
int main() length 10 { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width bedroom.getArea() + length bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
kitchen
int main() length 10 { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width bedroom.getArea() + length bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
Rectangle getData(string str) { double tempWidth, tempLength; cout << "Enter width for " << str << ": "; cin >> tempWidth; cout << "Enter length for " << str << ": "; cin >> tempLength; Rectangle temp; temp.setWidth(tempWidth); temp.setLength(tempLength); return temp; }
str bedroom
temp
width
12
length 15
kitchen
int main() length 10 { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width 12 bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length 15 cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width bedroom.getArea() + length bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
kitchen
int main() length 10 { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width 12 bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length 15 cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width bedroom.getArea() + length bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
Rectangle getData(string str) { double tempWidth, tempLength; cout << "Enter width for " << str << ": "; cin >> tempWidth; cout << "Enter length for " << str << ": "; cin >> tempLength; Rectangle temp; temp.setWidth(tempWidth); temp.setLength(tempLength); return temp; }
str den
temp
width
20
length 30
kitchen
int main() length 10 { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width 12 bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length 15 cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width 20 bedroom.getArea() + length 30 bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
kitchen
int main() length 10 { Rectangle kitchen, bedroom, den; bedroom kitchen = getData("kitchen"); width 12 bedroom = getData("bedroom"); den = getData("den"); length 15 cout << "total area is: "; den cout << kitchen.getArea() + width 20 bedroom.getArea() + length 30 bedroom.getArea() << endl; return 0; }
width
Rectangle
Class Instance Diagrams
Rectangle rect1
setWidth
setLength
Private data:
Rectangle rect2
setWidth setLength
Private data:
getWidth
width length
10 13
getWidth getLength calcArea
width length
20 15
getLength
calcArea
Structures
Typically all members public No member functions
Typically all data members private Interface member functions public Perceptually, very different mechanisms
Classes
Technically, same
// SPECIFICATION FILE
( Rectangle.h )
class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; public: void setWidth(double); void setLength(double); double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const; };
// IMPLEMENTATION FILE #include "Rectangle.h" #include <iostream> void Rectangle::setWidth(double w) { . . . }
void Rectangle::setLength(double len) { . . . }
interface file
main program
Rectangle.h
#include "Rectangle.h"
implementation file
client.cpp
Compiler
Rectangle.cpp
Compiler
client.obj
Linker
Rectangle.obj
client.exe
#include "Rectangle.h" in Rectangle.cpp client.cpp
use preprocessor directive to avoid this
#ifndef RECTANGLE_H #define RECTANGLE_H class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; public: void setWidth(double); void setLength(double); double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const; };
#endif
#include "Rectangle.h" #include "iostream" using namespace std;
void Rectangle::setWidth(double w) { width = w; } . . .
#include "Rectangle.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std;
int main() { Rectangle rect1, rect2; rect1.setWidth(5); rect1.setLength(10); ...
int x = 5; int y(10); string str("Help");
bool flag(true);
How about
Rectangle rect(20, 15); where
20 would be width
15 would be length
The constructor is a member function
purpose is to initialize the private data
members of a class object
The name of a constructor is always the name of the class
no return type for the constructor
class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; public: Rectangle(); //default constructor Rectangle(double w, double len); void setWidth(double); void setLength(double); double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const; };
Rectangle::Rectangle( ) { width = 0; length = 0; }
Rectangle::Rectangle( ) { width = 0; length = 0; } int main() { Rectangle rect1; . . . . . . }
class Rectangle { private: double width; double length; public: Rectangle();
//default constructor
Rectangle(double w, double len);
void setWidth(double); void setLength(double); double getWidth() const; double getLength() const; double calcArea() const;
};
Rectangle::Rectangle(double w, double len) { if (w > 0) width = w; else width = 0; int main() { if (len > 0) length = len; Rectangle rect1(10, 20); else length = 0; } }
