Basic SQL
ITCS 201 Web Programming Part II
Outline for Today
What is SQL?
SQL Category Basic DML Commands
INSERT
UPDATE DELETE SELECT
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ITCS201 Web Programming, The Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University
What is SQL?
SQL Structured Query Language
Language that defines commands for user to Create database and table structure
Basic data management
Query useful information Not case-sensitive Non procedural language : users specify what must be done, NOT how it is to be done
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SQL Categories
Two broad type
1. Data Definition Language (DDL) NOT Study in this course
Commands used to create database objects including
Database
Table/Attributes Keys etc.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Commands used to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data within tables.
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Basic DML Commands
Commands
INSERT
UPDATE DELETE SELECT
Description
Insert row(s) into a table
Modify an attributes value in one or more tables rows Delete one or more rows from a table Select attributes from rows in one or more tables
WHERE
GROUP BY HAVING ORDER BY
Restrict the selection of rows based on condition expression
Group the selected rows based on one or more attributes Restrict the selection of group rows based on a condition Order the selected rows based on one or more attributes
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Commands
Comparison Operators =,<,>,<=,=>,<> Logical Operators AND/OR/NOT Special Operators IS NULL LIKE
Description
Used in conditional expression
Used in conditional expression
Check whether an attribute value is null Check whether an attribute value matches a given string pattern
DISTINCT
Aggregate Functions COUNT
Limit values to unique values
Returns the number of rows with non-null values for a given column
MIN
MAX SUM AVG
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Return the minimum attribute value found in a given column
Return the maximum attribute value found in a given column Return the sum of all values for a given column Return the average of all values for a given column
ITCS201 Web Programming, The Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University
INSERT Command
Use INSERT command to enter data into a table
Basic syntax:
INSERT INTO tablename VALUES( value1, value2, , valueN)
Note: Be careful with data type and allow-null attribute
INSERT INTO computers VALUES( '37', Lenovo Y550');
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INSERT Command (cont.)
Special case of INSERT
1. Insert rows with null attributes If we do not know some values of attribute, we have to leave them as null To enter a null, use following syntax
INSERT INTO tablename VALUES(value1, NULL,,valueN)
Note: You can insert NULL only the allow-null attribute
INSERT INTO inventory VALUES( '57', '2010-04-23', 37', 2', NULL);
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INSERT Command (cont.)
2. Insert rows with only required attributes
Rather than declaring each attribute as NULL, indicate just only the required value
To insert only some require attribute (e.g. col1, col2, , colN), use following syntax
INSERT INTO tablename(col1,col2,...,colN) VALUES(value1,value2,,valueN)
INSERT INTO inventory (inventoryID, dateAcquired, computerID, employeeID) VALUES( '57', '2010-04-23', 37', 2');
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UPDATE Command
Use UPDATE command to modify data in a table
Basic syntax:
UPDATE tablename SET col1 = expression1, col2 = expression2, colN = expressionN [WHERE conditionList]
Note: Be careful about WHERE clause, there could be a huge problem if you forget to insert WHERE condition
UPDATE inventory SET dateAcquired = 2010-08-22, comments = go go go WHERE inventoryID = 57;
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DELETE Command
Use DELETE command to delete a table row
Basic syntax:
DELETE FROM tablename [WHERE conditionList]
Note: Be careful about WHERE clause, there could be a huge problem if you forget to insert WHERE condition
DELETE FROM inventory WHERE inventoryID = 57;
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SELECT Command
Use SELECT command to query partial table contents by placing conditions we want specified in WHERE clause (optional)
Basic Syntax:
SELECT columnList FROM tablename [ WHERE conditionList ]
The columnList specifies the selected attribute we want, if we want all attributes in that table, simply use *
SELECT * FROM employee
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SELECT employeeID, firstName FROM employee
ITCS201 Web Programming, The Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Mahidol University
SELECT Command (cont.)
Using a conditional expression in SELECT command
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE lastName = 'Mouse' SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employeesID = 3
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SELECT Command Logical Operators
Use Logical Operators in SELECT command to connect multiple conditional expressions
AND / OR / NOT
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE lastName = 'Mouse' AND firstName = 'Mickey'; SELECT * FROM employees WHERE (lastName = 'Mouse' OR lastName = 'Jetson') AND NOT ( firstName = 'Mickey');
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SELECT Command Comparison Operators
Use Comparison Operators in SELECT command
=,<,>,<=,=>,<>
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employeeID > 10 SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employeeID > 10 AND lastName <> Jetson
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SELECT Command Special Operators: IS NULL
Use Special Operators in SELECT command
1. IS NULL Operator Use to check for a null attribute value
SELECT inventoryID, comments FROM inventory WHERE inventoryID >50 AND comments IS NOT NULL
SELECT inventoryID, comments FROM inventory WHERE comments IS NULL
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SELECT Command Special Operators: LIKE
2. LIKE Operator
Use with wildcards to find pattern within string attribute
% means any and all following character are eligible P% include Paul, Peter, Pat Pa% include Paul, Pat, Parrot _ means any one character may be substituted 13_11 include 13A11, 13411 _a_ include Rat, Van , Tap
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SELECT Command Special Operators: LIKE
2. LIKE Operator (cont)
SELECT * FROM `computers` WHERE computerDescription LIKE 'DELL%'
SELECT * FROM `employees` WHERE lastName LIKE '_o_'
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SELECT Command Special Operators: DISTINCT
3. DISTINCT Operator
Use DISTINCT operator to produce a list of unique attribute values
SELECT DISTINCT computerID FROM inventory
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SELECT Command Aggregate Function: COUNT
Use Aggregate Functions to perform mathematical summary in SELECT command
1. COUNT Function
Use COUNT function to count the number of non-null values of an attribute
SELECT COUNT( comments ) FROM inventory WHERE 1
SELECT COUNT( * ) FROM inventory WHERE computerID =1
(there are totally 26 rows)
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SELECT Command Aggregate Function: MIN/ MAX
2. MIN/MAX Function
Use MIN function to find the lowest value of a given attribute Use MAX function to find the highest value of a given attribute
SELECT MAX( computerID ) FROM computers
SELECT MIN( computerID ) FROM computers
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SELECT Command Aggregate Function: SUM
3. SUM Function
Use SUM function to compute a total sum for any specific attribute
SELECT SUM(computerID) FROM inventory
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SELECT Command Aggregate Function: AVG
4. AVG Function
Use AVG function to compute an average value for any specific attribute
SELECT AVG(computerID) FROM inventory
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SELECT Command GROUP BY
Use GROUP BY when you have other attribute columns combined with aggregate functions in SELECT command
Basic Syntax:
SELECT columnList FROM tablename [ WHERE conditionList ] [ GROUP BY columnList ]
SELECT employeeID, COUNT( computerID ) FROM `inventory` GROUP BY employeeID
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SELECT Command -- HAVING
Use HAVING clause when you want to specify condition of GROUP BY clause in SELECT command
Basic Syntax:
SELECT columnList FROM tablename [ WHERE conditionList ] [ GROUP BY columnList ] [ HAVING conditionList ] SELECT employeeID, COUNT( computerID ) FROM `inventory` GROUP BY employeeID HAVING count(computerID)>1
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SELECT Command ORDER BY
Use ORDER BY in SELECT command to sort values in a given attribute
Basic Syntax:
SELECT columnList FROM tablename [ WHERE conditionList ] [ GROUP BY columnList ] [ HAVING conditionList ] [ ORDER BY columnList [ASC | DESC]]
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SELECT Command ORDER BY
SELECT inventoryID, employeeID, comments FROM `inventory` WHERE inventoryID >40 ORDER BY employeeID SELECT inventoryID, employeeID, comments FROM `inventory` WHERE inventoryID >40 ORDER BY employeeID DESC
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SELECT Command Joining Tables
Perform when data are retrieved from more than one tables
Normally compose of an equality comparison (=) of FK and PK of related tables.
SELECT * FROM inventory, computers WHERE inventoryID >40 AND inventory.computerID = computers.computerID
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SELECT Command Join Tables : Alias
Use Alias to identify the source table from which data are taken when join is performed
SELECT e.firstName, e.lastName, COUNT( * ) AS 'number of computer' FROM inventory AS i, employees AS e WHERE e.employeeID = i.employeeID GROUP BY e.firstName, e.lastName HAVING COUNT( computerID ) >1 ORDER BY COUNT( * ) DESC
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