FLUID MECHANICS I

Solution Manual 7

Question 1: Problem P3.158

1
11 x
2
CO2 D2 = 6 cm
D1 = 10 cm

p1 = 170 kPa
T1 = 20 Deg. C H=8 cm

Meriam red oil

Assumptions:
• ρ is constant ? -needs to be checked.
• 1D flow at 11, 1 and 3
• steady-state
• Steady flow
• neglect losses
Conservation of mass for a CV:
Z Z
∂ρ ~ . n̂) dA = 0
dV ol + ρ(V
CV ∂t CS

π D12 π D22
0 = −ρ V11 + ρ V2
4 4
0 = −ṁ1 + ṁ2

1
Using the perfect gas law
p1
ρ= = 3.07 kg/m3
RT1
using RCO2 = 189 m2 /s2 K (see Table A.4).
Manometer
p1 = p2 + ρwater SG gH
⇒ p2 = 169.4kPa
Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ gz1 + = 2 + gz3 + + ghf
2 ρ 2 ρ
V1 ≈ 0 this is the stagnation point
z1 = z2 and there is no loss, therefore
s
2(p1 − p2 )
V2 =
ρ

V2 = 20.5m/s ¿ Speed of sound, incompressibility OK.

flow rate
πD22
Q̇ = V2 = 0.058m3 /s
4

Question 2: Problem P3.165

Assumptions:
• steady flow
• steady state
• incompressible
• no losses
• 1D flow at Points 1 and 2
Conservation of mass:
Z Z
∂ρ ~ . n̂) dA = 0
dV ol + ρ(V
CV ∂t CS

0 − ṁ1 + ṁ2 = 0
ṁ1 = ṁ2
D2
⇒ V1 = V2 22
D1

2
 z

1 x
2 D2
D1

flow rate

πD22
Q = V2 = V2 A2
4
Manometer

p1 = p2 + (ρm − ρ)gh
p1 − p2 = (ρm − ρ)gh

Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ gz1 + = 2 + gz2 + + ghf
2 ρ 2 ρ

z1 = z2 (horizontal) and no losses

µ ¶4
V22 D2 p1 V2 p2
+ = 2 +
2 D1 ρ 2 ρ
v
u 2(p1 −p2 )
u
V2 = t
ρ

(1 − (D 2 4
D1 ) )

v
u 2(ρm −ρ)gh
u
Q = A2 t
ρ
(D2 4
(1 − D1 ) )

3
Question 3: Problem P3.172

D2 = 0.075 m
H= 1.83 cm
D1 = 0.025 m
D3 = ?
x

1 3 patm = 1.01 105 Pa

2
water
at 35 Deg. C
sketch of p variation
p

patm

pv

Assumptions
• pseudo-steady state in tank
• steady flow
• cavitation occurs at pv
• pv = 5.809 103 Pa (linear interpolation in Table A.5)
Conservation of mass:

πD12 πD32 πD22

ρ V1 = ρ V3 = ρ V2
4 4 4
D12 V1 = D32 V3 = D22 V2
µ ¶2
D3
⇒ V1 = V3
D1

4
Bernoulli equation from s to 3

Vs2 ps V2 p3
+ gzs + = 3 + gz3 + + ghf s−3
2 ρ 2 ρ
Vs ≈ 0, zs = H, ps = patm = p3 , z3 = 0 and no losses
p
⇒ V3 = 2gH = 6.0m/s

Bernoulli equation from 1 to 3

V12 p1 V2 p3
+ gz1 + = 3 + gz3 + + ghf 1−3
2 ρ 2 ρ
Using z1 = z3 , p3 = patm , p1 = pv and no losses,
µ 2 ¶2 2
D3 V3 pv V2 patm
2 + = 3 +
D1 2 ρ 2 ρ
Solve for D3
V32
(patm − pv )/ρ +
D34 = V32
2

2D14
D3 = 0.040m

To avoid cavitation we need to increase p1 (pv in above relationship) which

means that D3 must be decreased, i.e.

D3 < 0.040m

Question 4: Problem P3.161

Assumptions:
• steady flow
• steady-state
• 1D exit flow at 1 and 2
• az ≈ 0 for fluid in tube at point of motion
• no losses (but once flow starts up in tube there will be mixing losses.
Conservation of mass:
πD12 πD22
0−ρ V1 + ρ V2
4 4
D2
V2 = V1 12
D2

5
 z
2
1
water V1 V2
D2 x

p2 = patm

water

tube

patm = p1 + ρgh

Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ gz1 + = 3 + gz2 + + ghf 2−3
2 ρ 2 ρ
sing z1 = z2 and no losses,
µ ¶4
V12 patm − ρgh V12 D1 patm
+ = +
2 ρ 2 D2 ρ
à µ ¶ !
4
V12 D1
1− = gh
2 D2

s
2gh
V1 =
(1 − D41 /D42 )

6
Question 4: P3.173

y
Q2
p2
D2

Q1 D1 Fx x
p1
Fy

D3

p3
Q3
Assumptions:
• steady flow

• steady-state
• 1D exit flow at 1, 2 and 3
• no losses

• no shear forces on CV
Mass flow rates:

Q̇i
Vi = πDi2
4
ṁi = ρQ̇i

7
 i Q̇i (m3 /s) Vi (m/s) ṁi (kg/s) Ai (m2 )
1 0.142 7.8 142 0.0181
2 0.071 15.2 71 0.0045
3 0.071 8.7 71 0.0082

conservation of momentum
x momentum
πD12 πD22 πD32
0 − ṁ1 V1 + ṁ2 V2 sinθ2 + ṁ3 V3 sinθ3 = +p1 − p2 sinθ2 − p3 sinθ3 + Fx
4 4 4
Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ gz1 + = 3 + gz2 + + ghf 2−3
2 ρ 2 ρ
Using z1 = z2 and no losses,
ρ
p2 = p1 + (V12 − V22 )
2

p2 = 87.1 103 Pa(gage)

Bernoulli equation from 1 to 3 (similar to previous equations)
ρ
p3 = p1 + (V12 − V32 )
2

p2 = 165.0 103 Pa(gage)

back to x momentum
πD12 πD32 πD12
Fx = ṁ2 V2 sinθ2 + ṁ3 V3 sinθ3 − ṁ1 V1 + p2 sinθ2 + p3 sinθ3 − p1
4 4 4
Fx = 540 + 473 − 1108 + 196 + 1036 − 3113

Fx = −1976 N
Fx acts to the left.
y momentum

πD22 πD32
0 + ṁ1 (0) + ṁ2 V2 cosθ2 − ṁ3 V3 cosθ3 = 0 − p2 cosθ2 + p3 cosθ3 + Fy
4 4
πD22 πD32
Fy = ṁ2 V2 cosθ2 − ṁ3 V3 cosθ3 + p2 cosθ2 − p3 cosθ3
4 4
Fy = 935 − 397 + 339 − 870

Fy = 7.3 N
Fy acts to the top.

8
 patm = 101 kPa
z 4
CVB CVA

alcohol SG = 0.79 F=425 N

1 2
D1 = 0.05 m 3
D2 = 0.02 m

Question 6: P3.149
Assumptions:
• steady flow
• steady-state
• 1D exit flow at 1-4
• no losses
• no shear forces on CVA
conservation of mass for CVA

0 − ṁ2 + ṁ3 + ṁ4

x momentum for CVA

0 − ṁ2 V2 = −Fx
µ ¶
ṁ2
Fx = ṁ2 V2 = ṁ2
ρA2

ρ = rhowater SG = 788kg/m3
πD22
A2 = = 3.1 10−4 m2
4

p
ṁ2 = ρA2 Fx = 10.3 kg/s

9
 ⇒ V2 = 42 m/s

conservation of mass for CVB

0 − ṁ1 + ṁ2
⇒ ṁ1 = ṁ2

ṁ1
V1 = = 6.7 m/s
ρA1
Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ gz1 + = 2 + gz2 + + ghf 1−2
2 ρ 2 ρ
Using z1 = z2 , p2 = patm and no losses,
ρ
p1 = patm + (V22 − V12 )
2

p1 = 785 kPa

10