Operators in SQL
Operators in SQL are symbols that help us to perform specific mathematical and logical computations on
operands. An operator can either be unary or binary.
The unary operator operates on one operand, and the binary operator operates on two operands.
Types of Operators in SQL
Different types of operators in SQL are:
Arithmetic operator
Comparison operator
Logical operator
Bitwise Operators
Compound Operators
SQL Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators in SQL are used to perform mathematical operations on numeric values in queries.
Some common arithmetic operators are:
Operator Description
+ The addition is used to perform an addition operation on the data values.
– This operator is used for the subtraction of the data values.
/ This operator works with the ‘ALL’ keyword and it calculates division operations.
* This operator is used for multiplying data values.
% Modulus is used to get the remainder when data is divided by another.
SQL Arithmetic Operators Example
In this example, we will retrieve all records from the “employee” table where the “emp_city” column does
not start with the letter ‘A’.
Query:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city NOT LIKE 'A%';
Output:
SQL Comparison Operators
Comparison Operators in SQL are used to compare one expression’s value to other expressions. SQL
supports different types of comparison operator, which are described below:
Operator Description
= Equal to.
> Greater than.
< Less than.
>= Greater than equal to.
Operator Description
<= Less than equal to.
<> Not equal to.
SQL Comparison Operators Example
In this example, we will retrieve all records from the “MATHS” table where the value in the “MARKS”
column is equal to 50.
Query:
SELECT * FROM MATHS WHERE MARKS=50;
Output:
SQL Logical Operators
Logical Operators in SQL are used to combine or manipulate conditions in SQL queries to retrieve or
manipulate data based on specified criteria..
Operator Description
Logical AND compares two Booleans as expressions and returns true when both expressions are
AND
true.
Logical OR compares two Booleans as expressions and returns true when one of the expressions
OR
is true.
Not takes a single Boolean as an argument and change its value from false to true or from true to
NOT
false.
SQL Logical Operators Example
In this example, retrieve all records from the “employee” table where the “emp_city” column is equal to
‘Allahabad’ and the “emp_country” column is equal to ‘India’.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city =
'Allahabad' AND emp_country = 'India';
Output:
SQL Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators in SQL are used to perform bitwise operations on binary values in SQL queries,
manipulating individual bits to perform logical operations at the bit level. Some SQL Bitwise Operators are:
Operator Description
& Bitwise AND operator
| Bitwise OR operator
^ Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operator
~ Bitwise NOT (complement) operator
<< Left shift operator
>> Right shift operator
SQL Compound Operators
Compound operator in SQL are used to perform an operation and assign the result to the original value in a
single line. Some Compound operators are:
Operator Description
+= Add and assign
-= Subtract and assign
*= Multiply and assign
/= Divide and assign
%= Modulo and assign
&= Bitwise AND and assign
^= Bitwise XOR and assign
|= Bitwise OR and assign
SQL Special Operators
Special operators are used in SQL queries to perform specific operations like comparing values, checking for
existence, and filtering data based on certain conditions.
Operators
Description
ALL is used to select all records of a SELECT STATEMENT. It compares a value to every
ALL value in a list of results from a query. The ALL must be preceded by the comparison
operators and evaluated to TRUE if the query returns no rows.
ANY compares a value to each value in a list of results from a query and evaluates to true if
ANY
the result of an inner query contains at least one row.
The SQL BETWEEN operator tests an expression against a range. The range consists of a
BETWEEN
beginning, followed by an AND keyword and an end expression.
The IN operator checks a value within a set of values separated by commas and retrieves
IN
the rows from the table that match.
The EXISTS checks the existence of a result of a subquery. The EXISTS subquery tests
EXISTS whether a subquery fetches at least one row. When no data is returned then this operator
returns ‘FALSE’.
SOME operator evaluates the condition between the outer and inner tables and evaluates to
SOME
true if the final result returns any one row. If not, then it evaluates to false.
UNIQUE The UNIQUE operator searches every unique row of a specified table.
SQL Special Operator Example
In this example, we will retrieve all records from the “employee” table where the “emp_id” column has a
value that falls within the range of 101 to 104 (inclusive).
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id BETWEEN 101 AND 104;
Output:
