Short question

1. List any two keywords of Python:

• if
• return

2. State the format function in Python Programming:

The format() function allows for formatting strings. It inserts specified values into
placeholders {} within a string.

Example:

name = "Alice"
age = 25
print("My name is {} and I am {} years old.".format(name, age))

3. Discuss indentations in Python:

• Indentation is used to define the structure and flow of a Python program.

• Blocks of code such as loops, conditionals, and function definitions are indicated
by the same level of indentation.
• Example: if True:
print("This is indented properly.")

4. Explain count() function with example:

The count() function counts the number of occurrences of a specified value in a
sequence like a string, list, or tuple.

Example:

text = "hello world"

print(text.count("o")) # Output: 2
5. List any two Python data types:

• int (Integer)
• list

6. Discuss how to import module with example:

Modules can be imported using the import keyword.

Example:

import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0

7. Explain comments in Python:

• Comments in Python are used to describe the code and are ignored during
execution.
• Single-line comments start with #, and multi-line comments can be enclosed within
triple quotes (''' or """).

Example:

# This is a single-line comment

'''
This is a multi-line comment
spanning multiple lines.
'''

8. State Documentation strings:

• Docstrings are a special kind of comment enclosed in triple quotes, used to

describe the purpose of functions, classes, or modules.
• Example: def add(a, b):
"""This function adds two numbers."""
 return a + b

9. Explain get() method with example:

The get() method retrieves the value for a specified key in a dictionary. It avoids errors if
the key does not exist by returning None (or a specified default value).

Example:

data = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

print(data.get("name")) # Output: Alice
print(data.get("gender", "Not specified")) # Output: Not specified

10. Discuss indentations in Python:

Python relies on proper indentation to determine the scope of blocks like loops, functions,
and conditionals. Indentation errors can cause IndentationError.

11. Discuss comments in Python:

Comments make the code more readable and explain the logic. They are ignored by the
Python interpreter.

12. Explain count() function:

The count() function counts occurrences of a specific element in a sequence.

Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2]
print(numbers.count(2)) # Output: 3

13. List any two Python Bitwise Operators:

• & (Bitwise AND)

• | (Bitwise OR)
14. List any two datetime functions in Python:

• datetime.now() (Returns the current date and time)

• datetime.strftime() (Formats a date object to a string)

15. Define tuple:

A tuple is an immutable sequence of elements in Python. It is similar to a list but cannot be
modified after creation.

Example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple) # Output: (1, 2, 3)

16. Explain recursive function:

• A recursive function is a function that calls itself to solve
smaller instances of a problem.
• It must have a base case to stop recursion; otherwise, it will
result in infinite recursion.

Example:

def factorial(n):
if n == 0:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

17. Discuss use of shuffle() with example:

• The shuffle() function in the random module randomly rearranges
the elements of a list.

Example:
import random
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
random.shuffle(numbers)
print(numbers) # Output: [3, 1, 4, 5, 2] (varies)

18. State the use of difference() in set:

• The difference() method returns a new set containing elements
present in the first set but not in the second.

Example:

set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}
print(set1.difference(set2)) # Output: {1, 2}

19. Discuss Python sys Module:

• The sys module provides access to system-specific parameters and
functions.
• Common uses include accessing command-line arguments and
controlling the interpreter.

Example:

import sys
print(sys.version) # Output: Python version details

20. Define update() in Python:

• The update() method in sets and dictionaries adds multiple
elements to a set or updates a dictionary with key-value pairs.

Example for set:

my_set = {1, 2}
my_set.update([3, 4])
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4}

Example for dictionary:

my_dict = {"a": 1}
my_dict.update({"b": 2})
print(my_dict) # Output: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

21. List any Escape Characters in Python Programming:

• \n (Newline)
• \t (Tab)

22. Discuss the use of sort():

• The sort() method sorts a list in ascending or descending order
in-place.

Example:

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 2]
numbers.sort()
print(numbers) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

23. List any two file open modes:

• 'r' (Read mode)
• 'w' (Write mode)

24. State bool in Python Programming:

• bool is a data type that represents True or False.
• It is used in logical operations.

Example:
print(bool(1)) # Output: True
print(bool(0)) # Output: False

25. Define print function:

• The print() function outputs data to the console.

Example:

print("Hello, World!") # Output: Hello, World!

26. State shorthand Assignment Operator in Python:

• Shorthand assignment operators combine arithmetic and assignment.
• Examples:
o += (Add and assign)
o *= (Multiply and assign)

Example:

x = 5
x += 3 # Equivalent to x = x + 3
print(x) # Output: 8

27. Define if Statement:

• The if statement is used for conditional execution of code.

Example:

x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
28. Define strings:
• A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes (', ", or
""").
• Strings are immutable in Python.

Example:

text = "Hello, World!"

29. Define function:

• A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific
task.
• Defined using the def keyword.

Example:

def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice")) # Output: Hello, Alice!

Long type Answer

1. Python Program to Check if a Number is Odd or Even

In Python, we can check if a number is odd or even using the modulus
operator (%).

# Program to check if the number is odd or even

number = int(input("Enter a number: ")) # Accepting input from the
user
if number % 2 == 0: # Condition to check if divisible by 2
print(f"{number} is even.") # Output if condition is True
else:
print(f"{number} is odd.") # Output if condition is False

Detailed Explanation:

• input() function is used to take a number as input from the user.

• The int() function converts the input string into an integer.
• The if statement checks if the number is divisible by 2 using
number % 2 == 0.
• If True, it prints the number is even. Otherwise, it prints the
number is odd.

2. Python Program to Check if a Number is Positive,

Negative, or Zero
This program categorizes a number based on its sign.

# Program to check if the number is positive, negative, or zero

number = float(input("Enter a number: ")) # Accepting floating-point
input
if number > 0: # Condition for a positive number
print("The number is positive.")
elif number < 0: # Condition for a negative number
print("The number is negative.")
else: # If not positive or negative, it must be zero
print("The number is zero.")

Detailed Explanation:

• float(input()) allows for decimal numbers.

• The if-elif-else ladder is used for multiple conditions:
o if number > 0: Positive number.
 o elif number < 0: Negative number.
o else: Zero.

3. Python Program to Describe Arithmetic Operations

This program performs and displays basic arithmetic operations.

# Program to perform arithmetic operations

a = float(input("Enter first number: "))
b = float(input("Enter second number: "))
print(f"Addition: {a + b}") # Adding numbers
print(f"Subtraction: {a - b}") # Subtracting numbers
print(f"Multiplication: {a * b}") # Multiplying numbers
print(f"Division: {a / b}") # Dividing numbers
print(f"Modulus: {a % b}") # Finding the remainder

Detailed Explanation:

• Takes two inputs, a and b, as floating-point numbers.

• Performs addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*),
division (/), and modulus (%) operations.
• Displays the results using formatted strings (f"...").

4. Python Program to Swap Values of Two Variables

This program swaps the values of two variables without using a third
variable.

# Program to swap two variables

x = input("Enter first value: ")
y = input("Enter second value: ")
x, y = y, x # Swapping values using tuple unpacking
print(f"After swapping: x = {x}, y = {y}")

Detailed Explanation:

• x, y = y, x swaps values directly using Python's tuple unpacking.

• This is a more Pythonic way compared to using temporary
variables.

5. Python Program to Calculate Simple Interest

Simple interest is calculated using the formula:

SI=P×R×T100\text{SI} = \frac{\text{P} \times \text{R} \times \text{T}}{100}.

# Program to calculate simple interest
P = float(input("Enter principal amount: ")) # Principal
R = float(input("Enter rate of interest: ")) # Rate of interest
T = float(input("Enter time in years: ")) # Time in years
SI = (P * R * T) / 100 # Formula for simple interest
print(f"Simple Interest is: {SI}")

Detailed Explanation:

• Inputs for P (Principal), R (Rate), and T (Time) are taken.

• Formula is applied to compute the simple interest.
• The result is displayed using a formatted string.

6. Python Program to Find the Factorial of a Number

The factorial of a number is the product of all positive integers less
than or equal to that number.

# Program to find factorial using recursion

def factorial(n):
 if n == 0 or n == 1: # Base case
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1) # Recursive call

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print(f"Factorial of {num} is {factorial(num)}")

Detailed Explanation:

• A recursive function factorial() is defined.

• Base case: If the number is 0 or 1, the factorial is 1.
• Recursive case: Multiplies the number by factorial(n - 1).

7. Python Program to Demonstrate Type Casting

Type casting is converting one data type to another.

# Program to demonstrate type casting

x = "123" # String
y = int(x) # String to integer
z = float(x) # String to float
print(f"Original string: {x}, Integer: {y}, Float: {z}")

Detailed Explanation:

• Converts a string "123" to integer and float.

• Demonstrates how data types can be dynamically changed in Python.

8. Python Logical Operators with Example

Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions.

• and: Both conditions must be True.

 • or: At least one condition must be True.
• not: Negates the condition.

# Example of logical operators

x = 10
y = 20
print(x > 5 and y > 15) # True (both conditions are true)
print(x > 15 or y > 15) # True (second condition is true)
print(not (x > 15)) # True (negates the condition)

9. Python Program to Find the Largest Among Three Numbers

# Program to find the largest among three numbers
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
c = int(input("Enter third number: "))
if a >= b and a >= c:
print(f"The largest number is {a}")
elif b >= c:
print(f"The largest number is {b}")
else:
print(f"The largest number is {c}")

Detailed Explanation:

• Uses if-elif-else ladder to compare the three numbers.

10. Explain Local & Global Variables in Python with Example
Local Variables:

• These variables are defined inside a function and are accessible

only within that function.
• Their scope is limited to the block in which they are declared.

Global Variables:

• These variables are defined outside any function or block and can
be accessed throughout the program, including inside functions.
• They can be modified inside a function using the global keyword.

Example:

# Global variable
x = 10

def demo_function():
# Local variable
y = 20
print(f"Global variable inside function: {x}") # Accessing global
variable
print(f"Local variable: {y}") # Accessing local variable

demo_function()
print(f"Global variable outside function: {x}")
# print(y) # This will give an error as y is local to the function

11. Explain the Input() Function in Detail with an Example

• The input() function allows the user to enter data at runtime.
 • By default, it takes input as a string. You can convert it to
other data types using casting.

Example:

# Input function example

name = input("Enter your name: ") # Takes user input as a string
age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) # Converts input to integer
print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.")

Detailed Explanation:

• The input() function prompts the user with the provided message.
• Use type conversion functions like int(), float() if numeric
input is required.

12. Describe While Loop with Syntax & Example

A while loop is used to execute a block of code as long as a given
condition is true.

Syntax:

while condition:
# code block

Example:

# Example of while loop

count = 0
while count < 5:
print(f"Count is: {count}")
count += 1 # Incrementing count to avoid infinite loop
13. Explain If-Else Statement with Syntax & Example
Syntax:

if condition:
# code block for True condition
else:
# code block for False condition

Example:

# If-else statement example

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if number % 2 == 0:
print(f"{number} is even.")
else:
print(f"{number} is odd.")

14. Describe Tuples in Detail

• Definition: Tuples are immutable, ordered collections of items.
• Characteristics:
o Defined using parentheses ().
o Elements can be of mixed data types.
o Once defined, their values cannot be changed.

Example:

# Tuple example
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, "Hello")
print(my_tuple) # Accessing tuple elements
15. Differentiate Between Lists and Tuples
Feature List Tuple

Definition Mutable collection of items. Immutable collection of

items.

Syntax [] ()

Performanc Slower due to mutability. Faster due to immutability.

e

Use Case When frequent modifications When data integrity is

needed. priority.

16. Describe File Operations in Detail

Python provides built-in functions to work with files. Common
operations include reading, writing, and appending.

File Modes:

• "r": Read (default mode).

• "w": Write (overwrites the file).
• "a": Append.

Example:

# Writing to a file
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")

# Reading from a file

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
17. Explain the Term Read Input from the Console
• Definition: Reading input from the console means taking user
input during the program execution using the input() function.

Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print(f"Welcome, {name}!")

18. Describe the Use of Indentation and White Space with an

Example
• Indentation defines the block of code in Python.
• Proper indentation is mandatory and ensures program readability.

Example:

# Example of proper indentation

if True:
print("Indented block") # Correct

19. Explain Functions with a Suitable Example

Definition:

Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task.

Syntax:

def function_name(parameters):
# code block
return value
Example:

def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))

20. Discuss Python Modules

• Definition: A module is a file containing Python code that can be
imported into other programs.
• Use: To reuse code, organize functionality, and improve
maintainability.

Example:

# Importing math module

import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Using sqrt function from math module

21. Explain the break and continue with an Example

• break Statement: Exits the loop immediately, regardless of the
loop's condition.
• continue Statement: Skips the current iteration and moves to the
next iteration of the loop.

Example:

# Example of break
for i in range(1, 6):
if i == 3:
break # Exits the loop when i is 3
print(f"Break Example - Value: {i}")
# Example of continue
for i in range(1, 6):
if i == 3:
continue # Skips the iteration when i is 3
print(f"Continue Example - Value: {i}")

22. Explain Variables in Python with an Example

• Definition: Variables are named storage locations used to hold
data.
• Characteristics:
o No explicit type declaration is needed.
o Dynamically typed.

Example:

x = 10 # Integer variable
y = 3.14 # Float variable
name = "Alice" # String variable
print(x, y, name)

23. Explain in and not in in Python with an Example

• in: Checks if a value is present in a collection.
• not in: Checks if a value is not present in a collection.

Example:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(2 in my_list) # True
print(5 not in my_list) # True

24. Describe the Use of Type Casting in Python with an

Example
• Definition: Converting one data type to another is called type
casting.
• Explicit Casting:
o Use functions like int(), float(), str().

Example:

# Type Casting Example

x = "10" # String
y = int(x) # Converting string to integer
print(type(y), y)

25. Describe the pass in Python with an Example

• Definition: The pass statement is a placeholder for future code.
• Use Case: To write empty blocks without causing syntax errors.

Example:

if True:
pass # Placeholder for future implementation

26. Explain the Branching Statement with an Example

• Definition: Branching statements like if, if-else, and if-elif-
else control program flow based on conditions.
Example:

# Branching Example
num = 5
if num > 0:
print("Positive")
else:
print("Non-positive")

27. Discuss Sets in Python

• Definition: Sets are unordered collections of unique items.
• Characteristics:
o Defined using {}.
o No duplicate elements.
o Supports mathematical operations like union and
intersection.

Example:

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 3}
print(my_set) # {1, 2, 3}

28. Describe the for Loop in Detail with Example

• Definition: The for loop iterates over a sequence.

Syntax:

for variable in sequence:

# code block
Example:

# For loop example

for i in range(5):
print(i)

29. Explain the Term Read Input from the Console and Output
Operations
Input:

• Reading data using input().

Output:

• Displaying data using print().

Example:

# Input and Output example

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"Hello, {name}")

30. Discuss the Following Math Module Functions

i. math.sqrt()

• Returns the square root of a number.

• Example:

import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0

ii. math.tan()

• Returns the tangent of an angle (in radians).

 • Example:

import math
print(math.tan(math.pi/4)) # Output: 1.0

iii. math.sin()

• Returns the sine of an angle (in radians).

• Example:

import math
print(math.sin(math.pi/2)) # Output: 1.0

iv. math.prod()

• Returns the product of an iterable.

• Example:

import math
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(math.prod(nums)) # Output: 24
31. Explain Exception Handling Using Python

• Definition: Exception handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors gracefully

without crashing the program.
• Key Keywords:
o try: Defines a block of code to test for errors.
o except: Handles the exception.
o finally: Executes code, regardless of exceptions.
o raise: Manually triggers an exception.

Example:

try:
x = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / x
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero.")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")
finally:
print("Execution completed.")

32. Explain Dictionaries in Python with a Suitable Example

• Definition: A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs. Keys must be unique.

• Syntax: {key: value}.

Example:

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "city": "New York"}

print(my_dict["name"]) # Accessing value by key
my_dict["age"] = 26 # Updating value
print(my_dict)

33. Discuss str, int, float, complex

• str: Represents a sequence of characters.

o Example: s = "Hello"
• int: Represents whole numbers.
o Example: x = 10
• float: Represents decimal numbers.
o Example: y = 3.14
• complex: Represents complex numbers with real and imaginary parts.
o Example: z = 2 + 3j
34. Datatypes in Python with Example

• Common Data Types:

o Numeric: int, float, complex.
o Sequence: str, list, tuple.
o Mapping: dict.
o Set Types: set, frozenset.
o Boolean: bool.

Example:

x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
z = "Hello" # str
lst = [1, 2, 3] # list
tpl = (1, 2, 3) # tuple
dct = {"key": "value"} # dict

35. Explain the Comparison Operator with an Example

• Definition: Used to compare values. Returns True or False.

Operators:

• ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=.

Example:

x = 5
y = 10
print(x == y) # False
print(x < y) # True
36. Discuss Conditional Control Structures in Detail

• Definition: These control the flow of execution based on conditions.

Types:

• if: if x > 0:
print("Positive")

• if-else: if x > 0:
print("Positive")
else:
print("Non-positive")

• if-elif-else: if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative")

37. Discuss Lists in Python with Example

• Definition: Lists are ordered, mutable collections.

Example:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list.append(5) # Adding an element
print(my_list)
38. Implement a Python Program to Demonstrate File Operations
Example:

# File operations
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, world!")

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:

content = file.read()
print(content)

39. Discuss Strings in Detail

• Definition: Strings are immutable sequences of characters.

• Features:
o Support indexing and slicing.
o Methods like upper(), lower(), strip(), split().

Example:

s = "Hello, Python!"
print(s.upper()) # HELLO, PYTHON!
print(s[0:5]) # Hello

40. Implement Python Program to Check Whether a String is Palindrome

or Not
Example:

# Palindrome check
string = input("Enter a string: ")
if string == string[::-1]:
print("Palindrome")
else:
print("Not a palindrome")

41. Explain Built-in Modules with Suitable Example

• Definition: Predefined modules with reusable code.

Example:

import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # 4.0
import random
print(random.randint(1, 10)) # Random number between 1 and 10

42. Explain try, catch, finally, and raise with Implementation

• try: Contains the code to test.

• except (catch): Handles exceptions.
• finally: Executes regardless of exceptions.
• raise: Triggers an exception.

Example:

try:
x = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if x < 0:
raise ValueError("Negative numbers are not allowed")
except ValueError as e:
print(f"Error: {e}")
finally:
print("Program ended.")