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SQL Overview & MySQL Syntax Guide
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1. Overview of SQL
--------------------
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to interact with relational databases.
- DDL: Data Definition Language (CREATE, ALTER, DROP)
- DML: Data Manipulation Language (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT)
- DCL: Data Control Language (GRANT, REVOKE)
- TCL: Transaction Control Language (COMMIT, ROLLBACK)
2. Data Definition Commands (DDL)
---------------------------------
CREATE TABLE students (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
age INT,
dept VARCHAR(10)
);
ALTER TABLE students ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(100);
DROP TABLE students;
3. Integrity Constraints
------------------------
-- Primary Key Constraint
CREATE TABLE users (
user_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
username VARCHAR(50)
);
-- Unique Constraint
CREATE TABLE accounts (
acc_id INT,
email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE
);
-- Domain Constraint
CREATE TABLE members (
member_id INT,
age INT CHECK (age > 17)
);
-- Referential Integrity
CREATE TABLE department (
dept_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
dept_name VARCHAR(50)
);
CREATE TABLE employee (
emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR(50),
dept_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES department(dept_id)
);
-- Check Constraint
CREATE TABLE workers (
id INT,
age INT CHECK (age >= 18 AND age <= 60)
);
4. Data Manipulation Commands (DML)
-----------------------------------
INSERT INTO students (id, name, age, dept) VALUES (1, 'Alice', 20, 'CS');
UPDATE students SET age = 21 WHERE id = 1;
DELETE FROM students WHERE id = 1;
SELECT * FROM students;
5. Data Control Commands (DCL)
------------------------------
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON college.* TO 'user1'@'localhost';
REVOKE INSERT ON college.* FROM 'user1'@'localhost';
6. Set and String Operations
----------------------------
-- Set Operation
SELECT name FROM students
UNION
SELECT name FROM alumni;
-- String Functions
SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name FROM users;
SELECT UPPER(name) FROM students;
SELECT LOWER(name) FROM students;
SELECT SUBSTRING(name, 1, 3) FROM students;
7. Aggregate Functions, GROUP BY, HAVING
----------------------------------------
SELECT COUNT(*), AVG(age), MAX(age), MIN(age), SUM(age) FROM students;
SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM students GROUP BY dept;
SELECT dept, COUNT(*) AS total FROM students GROUP BY dept HAVING total > 5;
8. Views
--------
CREATE VIEW cs_students AS
SELECT name, age FROM students WHERE dept = 'CS';
SELECT * FROM cs_students;
9. Joins
--------
-- Inner Join
SELECT s.name, d.dept_name
FROM students s
JOIN department d ON s.dept = d.dept_id;
-- Left Join
SELECT s.name, d.dept_name
FROM students s
LEFT JOIN department d ON s.dept = d.dept_id;
-- Right Join
SELECT s.name, d.dept_name
FROM students s
RIGHT JOIN department d ON s.dept = d.dept_id;
10. Nested and Complex Queries
------------------------------
-- Subquery
SELECT name FROM students WHERE age = (SELECT MAX(age) FROM students);
-- EXISTS
SELECT name FROM students s
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM department d WHERE s.dept = d.dept_id);
11. Triggers
------------
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER before_insert_student
BEFORE INSERT ON students
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
SET NEW.name = UPPER(NEW.name);
END;
//
DELIMITER ;
