Creating Code with Python
Functions
Bugs
Improving Your First Python Program
Variables
Comments
Pseudocode
Further Improving Your First Python Program
Strings and Parameters
A small problem with quotation marks
Formatting Strings
More on Strings
Integers or int
Readability Wins
Float Basics
More on Floats
Def
Returning Values
Creating Code with Python
VS Code is a text editor. In addition to editing text, you can visually
browse files and run text-based commands at a terminal.
In the terminal, you can execute code hello.py to start coding.
In the text editor above, you can type print("hello, world"). This is a
famous canonical program that nearly all coders write during their
learning process.
In the terminal window, you can execute commands. To run this
program, you are going to need to move your cursor to the bottom of
the screen, clicking in the terminal window. You can now type a second
command in the terminal window. Next to the dollar sign, type python
hello.py and press the enter key on your keyboard.
Recall that computers really only understand zeros and ones.
Therefore, when you run python hello.py, Python will interpret the text
that you created in hello.py and translate it into the zeros and ones
that the computer can understand.
The result of running the python hello.py program is hello, world.
Congrats! You just created your first program.
Functions
Functions are verbs or actions that the computer or computer language
will already know how to perform.
In your hello.py program, the print function knows how to print to the
terminal window.
The print function takes arguments. In this case, "hello, world" are
the arguments that the print function takes.
Bugs
Bugs are a natural part of coding. These are mistakes, problems for
you to solve! Don’t get discouraged! This is part of the process of
becoming a great programmer.
Imagine that in our hello.py program we accidentally
typed print("hello, world", forgetting the final ) required by
the print function. If you make this mistake, the interpreter will output
an error in the terminal window!
Error messages can often inform you of your mistakes and provide
clues on how to fix them. However, there will be many times when the
interpreter is not this helpful.
Improving Your First Python Program
We can personalize your first Python program.
In our text editor in hello.py we can add another function. input is a
function that takes a prompt as an argument. We can edit our code to
say
input("What's your name? ")
print("hello, world")
This edit alone, however, will not allow your program to output what
your user inputs. For that, we will need to introduce you to variables
Variables
A variable is just a container for a value within your own program.
In your program, you can introduce your own variable in your program
by editing it to read
name = input("What's your name? ")
print("hello, world")
Notice that this equal = sign in the middle of name = input("What's your
name? ") has a special role in programming. This equal sign literally
assigns what is on the right to what is on the left. Therefore, the value
returned by input("What's your name? ") is assigned to name.
If you edit your code as follows, you will notice an unexpected result:
name = input("What's your name? ")
print("hello, name")
The program will return hello, name in the terminal window regardless
of what the user types.
Further editing our code, you could type
name = input("What's your name? ")
print("hello,")
print(name)
The result in the terminal window would be
What's your name? David
hello
David
We are getting closer to the result we might intend!
You can learn more in Python’s documentation on data types.
Comments
Comments are a way for programmers to track what they are doing in
their programs and even inform others about their intentions for a
block of code. In short, they are notes for yourself and others who will
see your code!
You can add comments to your program to be able to see what it is
that your program is doing. You might edit your code as follows:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
print("hello,")
print(name)
Comments can also serve as a to-do list for you.
Pseudocode
Pseudocode is an important type of comment that becomes a special
type of to-do list, especially when you don’t understand how to
accomplish a coding task. For example, in your code, you might edit
your code to say:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
# Print hello
print("hello,")
# Print the name inputted
print(name)
Further Improving Your First Python
Program
We can further edit our code as follows:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
# Print hello and the inputted name
print("hello, " + name)
It turns out that some functions take many arguments.
We can use a comma , to pass in multiple arguments by editing our
code as follows:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
# Print hello and the inputted name
print("hello,", name)
The output in the terminal, if we typed “David” we would be hello,
David. Success.
Strings and Parameters
A string, known as a str in Python, is a sequence of text.
Rewinding a bit in our code back to the following, there was a visual
side effect of having the result appear on multiple lines:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
print("hello,")
print(name)
Functions take arguments that influence their behavior. If we look at
the documentation for print you’ll notice we can learn a lot about the
arguments that the print function takes.
Looking at this documentation, you’ll learn that the print function
automatically includes the argument end='\n'. This \n indicates that
the print function will automatically create a line break when run. The
function takes an argument called end, and the default is to create a
new line.
However, we can technically provide an argument for end ourselves
such that a new line is not created!
We can modify our code as follows:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
print("hello,", end="")
print(name)
By providing end="" we are overwriting the default value of end such
that it never creates a new line after this first print statement.
Providing the name as “David”, the output in the terminal window will
be hello, David.
Parameters, therefore, are arguments that can be taken by a function.
You can learn more in Python’s documentation on print.
A small problem with quotation marks
Notice how adding quotation marks as part of your string is
challenging.
print("hello,"friend"") will not work, and the interpreter will throw an
error.
Generally, there are two approaches to fixing this. First, you could
simply change the quotes to single quotation marks.
Another, more commonly used approach would be to
write print("hello, \"friend\""). The backslashes tell the interpreter
that the following character should be treated as a quotation mark in
the string and avoid an interpreter error.
Formatting Strings
Probably the most elegant way to use strings would be as follows:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
print(f"hello, {name}")
Notice the f in print(f"hello, {name}"). This f is a special indicator for
Python to treat this string a special way, different than previous
approaches we have illustrated in this lecture. Expect that you will be
using this style of strings quite frequently in this course.
More on Strings
You should never expect your user to cooperate as intended.
Therefore, you will need to ensure that the input of your user is
corrected or checked.
It turns out that built into strings is the ability to remove whitespace
from a string.
By utilizing the strip method on name (for example, name =
name.strip()), you will remove any whitespace from the left and right
of the user’s input. You can modify your code to be:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
# Remove whitespace from the str
name = name.strip()
# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
Rerunning this program, regardless of how many spaces you type
before or after the name, it will strip off all the whitespace.
Using the title method, it would title case the user’s name:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
# Remove whitespace from the str
name = name.strip()
# Capitalize the first letter of each word
name = name.title()
# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
By this point, you might be very tired of typing python repeatedly in the
terminal window. You can use the up-arrow key on your keyboard to
recall the most recent terminal commands you have entered.
Notice that you can modify your code to be more efficient:
# Ask the user for their name
name = input("What's your name? ")
# Remove whitespace from the str and capitalize the first letter of each
word
name = name.strip().title()
# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
We could even go further!
# Ask the user for their name, remove whitespace from the str and
capitalize the first letter of each word
name = input("What's your name? ").strip().title()
# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
You can learn more about strings in Python’s documentation on str
Integers or int
In Python, an integer is referred to as an int.
In the world of mathematics, we are familiar with +, -, *, /, and %
operators. That last operator % or modulo operator may not be very
familiar to you.
You don’t have to use the text editor window to run Python code. Down
in your terminal, you can run python alone. You will be presented
with >>> in the terminal window. You can then run live, interactive
code. You could type 1+1, and it will run that calculation. This mode will
not commonly be used during this course.
Opening up VS Code again, we can type code calculator.py in the
terminal. This will create a new file in which we will create our own
calculator.
First, we can declare a few variables.
x = 1
y = 2
z = x + y
print(z)
Naturally, when we run python calculator.py we get the result in the
terminal window of 3. We can make this more interactive using
the input function.
x = input("What's x? ")
y = input("What's y? ")
z = x + y
print(z)
Running this program, we discover that the output is incorrect as 12.
Why might this be?
Prior, we have seen how the + sign concatenates two strings. Because
your input from your keyboard on your computer comes into the
interpreter as text, it is treated as a string. We, therefore, need to
convert this input from a string to an integer. We can do so as follows:
x = input("What's x? ")
y = input("What's y? ")
z = int(x) + int(y)
print(z)
The result is now correct. The use of int(x) is called “casting,” where a
value is temporarily changed from one type of variable (in this case, a
string) to another (here, an integer).
We can further improve our program as follows:
x = int(input("What's x? "))
y = int(input("What's y? "))
print(x + y)
This illustrates that you can run functions on functions. The inner
function is run first, and then the outer one is run. First,
the input function is run. Then, the int function.
You can learn more in Python’s documentation of int.
Readability Wins
When deciding on your approach to a coding task, remember that one
could make a reasonable argument for many approaches to the same
problem.
Regardless of what approach you take to a programming task,
remember that your code must be readable. You should use comments
to give yourself and others clues about what your code is doing.
Further, you should create code in a way that is readable.
Float Basics
A floating point value is a real number that has a decimal point in it,
such as 0.52.
You can change your code to support floats as follows:
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))
print(x + y)
This change allows your user to enter 1.2 and 3.4 to present a total
of 4.6.
Let’s imagine, however, that you want to round the total to the nearest
integer. Looking at the Python documentation for round, you’ll see that
the available arguments are round(number[, ndigits]). Those square
brackets indicate that something optional can be specified by the
programmer. Therefore, you could do round(n) to round a digit to its
nearest integer. Alternatively, you could code as follows:
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))
# Create a rounded result
z = round(x + y)
# Print the result
print(z)
The output will be rounded to the nearest integer.
What if we wanted to format the output of long numbers? For example,
rather than seeing 1000, you may wish to see 1,000. You could modify
your code as follows:
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))
# Create a rounded result
z = round(x + y)
# Print the formatted result
print(f"{z:,}")
Though quite cryptic, that print(f"{z:,}") creates a scenario where
the outputted z will include commas where the result could look
like 1,000 or 2,500.
More on Floats
How can we round floating point values? First, modify your code as
follows:
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))
# Calculate the result
z = x / y
# Print the result
print(z)
When inputting 2 as x and 3 as y, the result z is 0.6666666666,
seemingly going on to infinity as we might expect.
Let’s imagine that we want to round this down. We could modify our
code as follows:
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))
# Calculate the result and round
z = round(x / y, 2)
# Print the result
print(z)
As we might expect, this will round the result to the nearest two
decimal points.
We could also use an f-string to format the output as follows:
# Get the user's input
x = float(input("What's x? "))
y = float(input("What's y? "))
# Calculate the result
z = x / y
# Print the result
print(f"{z:.2f}")
This cryptic f-string code displays the same as our prior rounding
strategy.
You can learn more in Python’s documentation of float.
Def
Wouldn’t it be nice to create our own functions?
Let’s bring back our final code of hello.py by typing code hello.py into
the terminal window. Your starting code should look as follows:
# Ask the user for their name, remove whitespace from the str and
capitalize the first letter of each word
name = input("What's your name? ").strip().title()
# Print the output
print(f"hello, {name}")
We can better our code to create our own special function that says
“hello” for us!
Erasing all our code in our text editor, let’s start from scratch:
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello()
print(name)
Attempting to run this code, your interpreter will throw an error. After
all, there is no defined function for hello.
We can create our own function called hello as follows:
def hello():
print("hello")
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello()
print(name)
Notice that everything under def hello() is indented. Python is an
indented language. It uses indentation to understand what is part of
the above function. Therefore, everything in the hello function must be
indented. When something is not indented, it treats it as if it is not
inside the hello function. Running python hello.py in the terminal
window, you’ll see that your output is not exactly as you may want.
We can further improve our code:
# Create our own function
def hello(to):
print("hello,", to)
# Output using our own function
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello(name)
Here, in the first lines, you are creating your hello function. This time,
however, you are telling the interpreter that this function takes a single
parameter: a variable called to. Therefore, when you
call hello(name) the computer passes name into the hello function as to.
This is how we pass values into functions. Very useful! Running python
hello.py in the terminal window, you’ll see that the output is much
closer to our ideal presented earlier in this lecture.
We can change our code to add a default value to hello:
# Create our own function
def hello(to="world"):
print("hello,", to)
# Output using our own function
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello(name)
# Output without passing the expected arguments
hello()
Test out your code yourself. Notice how the first hello will behave as
you might expect, and the second hello, which is not passed a value,
will, by default, output hello, world.
We don’t have to have our function at the start of our program. We can
move it down, but we need to tell the interpreter that we have
a main function and a separate hello function.
def main():
# Output using our own function
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello(name)
# Output without passing the expected arguments
hello()
# Create our own function
def hello(to="world"):
print("hello,", to)
This alone, however, will create an error of sorts. If we run python
hello.py, nothing happens! The reason for this is that nothing in this
code is actually calling the main function and bringing our program to
life.
The following very small modification will call the main function and
restore our program to working order:
def main():
# Output using our own function
name = input("What's your name? ")
hello(name)
# Output without passing the expected arguments
hello()
# Create our own function
def hello(to="world"):
print("hello,", to)
main()
Returning Values
You can imagine many scenarios where you don’t just want a function
to perform an action but also to return a value back to the main
function. For example, rather than simply printing the calculation of x +
y, you may want a function to return the value of this calculation back
to another part of your program. This “passing back” of a value we call
a return value.
Returning to our calculator.py code by typing code calculator.py.
Erase all code there. Rework the code as follows:
def main():
x = int(input("What's x? "))
print("x squared is", square(x))
def square(n):
return n * n
main()
Effectively, x is passed to square. Then, the calculation of x * x is
returned back to the main function.
