ABSTRACT

The Lighthouse Project, officially named The Lighthouse at Long Island, was a proposed transformation of the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and the area surrounding it into a modern suburban area. The project was first introduced by New York Islanders owner, Charles Wang. The base of the project is a newly renovated Coliseum for the New York Islanders to play in. Surrounding the Coliseum would be houses, hotels (Long Island's first 5-star hotel), offices, restaurants, and various stores. There would also be an athletic complex, conference and exhibition facilities, and a minor league baseball ballpark.

The Lighthouse Project was expected to take 8 to 10 years to be completed, and cost about $3.74 billion. The investors expected the project generate $71 million of annual tax revenues, and create about 75,000 construction and construction-related jobs. After the project is finished, 19,000 new permanent jobs are expected to come from it. Many believe the project being approved is the only way that Wang can keep the Islanders on Long Island, rather than selling the team. However, Nassau County residents voted against building a new arena for the Islanders on August 1, 2011.

CONTENTS LIST
ABOUT THE PROJECT COMPONENTS USED IN PROJECT ABOUT THE COMPONENTS USED RESISTORS CAPACITORS DIODES MES LAMP INTRODUCTION TO ICS 555TIMER IC 4017 COUNTER IC APPLICATIONS

UNIT.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT:

This project was designed for a model lighthouse to flash a lamp in a simple sequence: two flashes of 2s with a short gap of 1s, followed by a longer gap of 5s before repeating the sequence.

Example light house project:

UNIT.2
COMPONENTS IN THE CIRCUIT: resistors: 470, 2k2, 22k, 100k capacitors: 0.1F, 1F 16V radial diodes: 1N4148 4 transistor: BC108 (or equivalent) 1M preset, horizontal 6V 60mA MES lamp MES lampholder 555 timer IC, such as NE555 4017 counter IC DIL sockets for ICs: 8-pin, 16-pin on/off switch battery clip 9V battery box for 6 AA cells

INTRODUCTION TO ICS:

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip, or microchip) is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Additional materials are deposited and patterned to form interconnections between semiconductor devices. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of

production of integrated circuits. The impact of this tiny chip has been far-reaching. Many of the electronics products of today could not have been developed without it. The chip virtually created the modern computer industry, transforming yesterdays room-size machines into todays array of mainframes, minicomputers and personal computers.

It was a relatively simple device that Jack Kilby showed to a handful of co-workers gathered in TIs semiconductor lab more than 40 years agoonly a transistor and other components on a slice of germanium. Little did this group of onlookers know, but Kilbys invention, 7/16-by1/16-inches in size and called an integrated circuit, was about to revolutionize the electronics industry. For almost 50 years after the turn of the 20th century, the electronics industry had been dominated by vacuum tube technology. But vacuum tubes had inherent limitations. They were fragile, bulky, unreliable, power hungry, and produced considerable heat.

CAPACITOR:
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference

WORKING OF CAPACITOR:

The invention of the capacitor varies somewhat depending on who you ask. There are records that indicate a German scientist named Ewald Georg von Kleist invented the capacitor in November 1745. Several months later Pieter van Musschenbroek, a Dutch professor at the University of Leyden came up with a very similar device in the form of the Leyden jar, which is typically credited as the first capacitor. Since Kleist didn't have detailed records and notes, nor the notoriety of his Dutch counterpart, he's often overlooked as a contributor to the capacitor's evolution. However, over the years, both have been given equal credit as it was established that their research was independent of each other and merely a scientific coincidence [source: Williams].

The Leyden jar was a very simple device. It consisted of a glass jar, half filled with water and lined inside and out with metal foil. The glass acted as the dielectric, although it was thought for a time that water was the key ingredient. There was usually a metal wire or chain driven through a cork in the top of the jar. The chain was then hooked to something

that would deliver a charge, most likely a hand-cranked static generator. Once delivered, the jar would hold two equal but opposite charges in equilibrium until they were connected with a wire, producing a slight spark or shock [source: Williams]. Benjamin Franklin worked with the Leyden jar in his experiments with electricity and soon found that a flat piece of glass worked as well as the jar model, prompting him to develop the flat capacitor, or Franklin square. Years later, English chemist Michael Faraday would pioneer the first practical applications for the capacitor in trying to store unused electrons from his experiments. This led to the first usable capacitor

DIODE:

In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with nonlinear resistance and conductance (i.e., a nonlinear currentvoltage characteristic), distinguishing it from components such as two-terminal linear resistors which obey Ohm's law. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals.[1] A vacuum tube diode

(now rarely used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action. Semiconductor diodes do not begin conducting electricity until a certain threshold voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference. Semiconductor diodes' nonlinear currentvoltage characteristic can be tailored by varying the semiconductor materials and introducing impurities into (doping) the materials. These are exploited in special purpose diodes that perform many different functions. For example, diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), to protect circuits from high voltage surges (avalanche diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), to generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes), and to produce light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of circuits.

Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of silicon.

MESLAMP:

Function and Construction:

Lamps emit light when an electric current passes through them. All of the lamps shown on this page have a thin wire filament which becomes very hot and glows brightly when a current passes through it. The filament is made from a metal with a high melting point such as tungsten and it is usually wound into a small coil. Filament lamps have a shorter lifetime than most electronic components because eventually the filament 'blows' (melts) at a weak point.

Circuit symbols:
There are two circuit symbols for a lamp, one for a lamp used to provide illumination and another for a lamp used as an indicator. Small lamps such as torch bulbs can be used for both purposes so either circuit symbol may used in simple educational circuits.

Lamp used for lighting (for example a car headlamp or torch bulb)

Lamp used as an indicator (for example a warning light on a car dashboard)

Selecting a Lamp:

There are three important features to consider when selecting a lamp:

Voltage rating - the supply voltage for normal brightness. Power or current rating - small lamps are usually rated by current. Lamp type - please see the table below.

The voltage and power (or current) ratings are usually printed or embossed on the body of a lamp.

Voltage rating:

This is the supply voltage required for normal brightness. If a slightly higher voltage is used the lamp will be brighter but its lifetime will be shorter. With a lower supply voltage the lamp will be dimmer and its lifetime will be longer. The light from dim lamps has a yellow-orange colour.

Torch lamps pass a relatively large current and this significantly reduces the output voltage of the battery. Some voltage is used up inside the battery driving the large current through the small resistance of the battery itself (its 'internal resistance'). As a result the correct voltage rating for a torch lamp is lower than the normal voltage of the battery which lights it!

For example: a lamp rated 3.5V 0.3A is correct for a 4.5V battery (three 1.5V cells) because when the lamp is connected the voltage across the battery falls to about 3.5V.

Power or current rating

Low power lamps are usually rated by their current and high power lamps by their power. It is easy to convert between the two ratings: P = I V where This is the power or current for the lamp when connected to its rated voltage.: or I = P/V

Examples:

A lamp rated 3.5V 0.3A has a power rating P = I V = 0.3 3.5 = 1.05W A lamp rated 6V 0.06A has a power rating P = I V = 0.06 6 = 0.36W A lamp rated 12V 2.4W has a current rating I = P / V = 2.4 / 12 = 0.2A

Lamp Type: Type of Lamp MES Miniature Edison Screw These are the standard small lamps. The bulb diameter is usually about 10mm, but tubular bulbs are also available. MES lamps have one contact on the base and the body forms the other contact. They are available with a good range of voltage and power (or current) ratings. Lens ended versions are available to produce a focused beam of light.LES Lilliput Edison Screw Smaller than MES, these have a bulb diameter of about 5mm. MCC Miniature Centre Contact These have a bayonet style fitting, like a standard mains lamp in the UK. They have one contact on the base and the body forms the other contact. The bulb diameter is about 10mm. Example

SBC Small Bayonet Cap These have a bayonet style fitting, like a standard mains lamp in the UK. They have two contacts on the base so the metal body is not connected in the circuit. SBC lamps have high power ratings (24W for example) and their bulbs are large with a diameter of up to about 40mm. Note the two filament arrangements in the lamps shown, horizontal on the left, vertical on the right. Pre-focus This type of lamp is used in torches and lanterns. The flange at the top of the metal body is used to hold the lamp in place. Lampholders are not readily available so this type is unsuitable for most projects. Wire ended These are very small lamps with a bulb about 3mm diameter and 6mm long. Take care to avoid snapping the wires where they enter the glass bulb. Grain of Wheat These are similar to the wire ended lamps above but they have stranded wire leads usually about 150mm long. The bulb is about 3mm diameter and 6mm long - the size of a grain of wheat!

RESISTORS:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law: I=V/R

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickelchrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is

mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

Color Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Gold Silver

Significant Multiplier Tolerance figures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Temp. Coefficient (ppm/K) 250 F G 100 50 15 D C B A 25 20 10 5 1 J K U S R P Q Z Z M K

1% 2% (5%) 0.5% 0.25% 0.1% 0.05% (10%) 5% 10%

-1 -2

None

20%

PRESET:

A preset resistor is also known as potentiometer whose resistance is selected by the user.A preset is may be of any range i.e 1k to 100k or 1M to 100M. A preset is used in many circuits where varying resistor is required.

555 timeric:
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flipflop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in 1971 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability, and is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).[2] Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the two 558

&559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive). There is no 557. The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 C to +70 C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, 55 C to +125 C. These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5 k resistors used within,[3] but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary.[1] Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS TLC555.[4] The 7555 is designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply. Such a practice should nevertheless be avoided, because noise produced by the timer or variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a circuit or influence its threshold voltage

IC 555:

Pins

Pin Name

Purpose

GND

Ground, low level (0 V)

TRIG

OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.

OUT

This output is driven to +VCC or GND.

RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.

CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).

THR

The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.

DIS

Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.

V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

4017 counter ic:

The IC 4017 is a versatile IC of the CMOS family which has got wide range of applications. Internally it consists of a 10 stage decade counter/divider. When a clock pulse is applied to it externally, its outputs become logic 'hi' and 'lo' sequentially (one after the other). It has got numerous applications, for example in circuits where sequential switching are required and also in decorative ornamental lighting, where the lights are switched on and off sequentially giving it a 'running' effect.

Pin Configurations of IC 4017

As can be from the diagram above, the IC 4017 is a 16 pin dual in line package IC. Pin 1 can be identified from a small depressed circle at the extreme left corner of the IC, or simply one can always remember, the printed side of the IC facing towards you, the pin beginning from the left side of the semi circle notch of every IC is pin 1.

Digital Circuit Design:

Pin configurations of this IC are as follows:

Pin 1 to pin 7 and pins 8, 9, 10 are all the outputs of the IC. Pin 16 is for the positive supply and pin 8 is ground. Pin 15 is the reset point of the IC. A logic '0' to this pin (or by connecting it to the ground), gives a green signal to the IC, so that it can function. A logic '1' or a positive supply here will bring its proceedings to a stand still and will reset it. At this position pin 3 of the IC4017 stays at logic '1' where as all other outputs are logic 'lo'.

Pin 14 is the clock input of the IC 4017. An external clock signal to this point will make a logic '1' to proceed sequentially, beginning from pin 3 and ending at pin 11.

The cycle is repeated as long as the clock persists at pin 14. The period of time each output stays logic '1' will depend on the time period of the positive peaks of the clock signal. With the rising edge of every clock pulse, the 'logic 1' will shift from one output to the other serially.

Pin 13 is the clock enable point. A logic '1' to this pin will stop the IC 4017 from proceeding and its output will freeze at that instant at the particular output. Even if the clock signal at pin 14 is ON, the output cant shift as long as pin 13 is held at logic'1', therefore this point should be grounded. On the contrary if pin 14 is held at logic'1' and clock signal is applied at pin 1, every falling edge of the pulse will make the outputs to change state sequentially.

UNIT.3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WORKING:
The 555 timer is connected as an astable to provide clock pulses for the 4017 counter. The 4017 has ten outputs (Q0 to Q9) and each one becomes high ('on') in turn as the clock pulses are received. Outputs Q0, Q1, Q3 and Q4 are combined with diodes to produce the flash sequence. A transistor amplifies the current to power the lamp, or LED if you prefer (a 4707 LED resistor is included on the stripboard layout). The 1M preset controls the time period (T) of the 555 astable from about 0.1s to 1.5s, for example set T = 1s.

For a different flash sequence connect the diodes to combine different 4017 outputs (Q0Q9). If the full count from 0 to 9 is not required one of outputs can be connected to the

reset input (pin 15). For example connecting Q8 (pin 9) to reset (pin 15) reduces the long gap at the end of the sequence to 3s (with T=1s).

This project uses a 555 astable circuit to provide the clock pulses for the 4017 counter.

APPLICATIONS:
Lighthouse is intended as an upgrade and replacement for Qt for Embedded Linux (Qt/E). One of Qt/E's strongest sides has been its lack of external dependencies. It did not tie into a windowing system because it contained its own windowing system. This made it easy to make Qt/E to run on all sorts of hardware. However, Qt/E is tightly coupled to a software graphics engine, making it difficult to make full use of today's advanced graphics processors. This talk will present the architecture of Lighthouse and how Lighthouse enables developers to port Qt easily to new Windowing Systems and modern embedded hardware.

THE LIGHTHOUSE PROJECT: SURREAL BLUE SEA IMAGES BY CATHERINE YASS:

NEW YORKThe blues in the light box images are stunning. The photographs by Catherine Yass capture a single lighthouse off the coast of East Sussex, England. Lighthouse at GalerieLelong features her new film and photographs of the storied structure. The Royal Sovereign Lighthouse is located five miles out to sea and the blue expanse that surrounds it defineYasss portraits. The British-born artist began the project with a large-scale projection of the lighthouse which appears to be moving, even turning upside down, as the camera pans around it and even plunges into the water. The film is intended to be the centerpiece of the show, the light boxes its complement. The gallery describes the technique used to create the surreal light boxes thus: Yass continues her signature technique of laying a photographic color transparency over a blue negative transparency, taken about 5 seconds apart. As a result, the areas that reflect light come out in vivid blue and the intensity of the sun is shifted to black The line between reality and illusion is blurred, giving the works a disturbingly calm and powerful presence.