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Dancing with Python

Learn Python software development from scratch and

get started with quantum computing

Robert S. Sutor

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Dancing with Python
Copyright © 2021 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the
information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without
warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and
distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly
or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies
and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt
Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
Producer: Tushar Gupta
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First published: August 2021

Production reference: 1300821

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

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ISBN 978-1-80107-785-9

www.packt.com
For my mother and father,
Anita and Benjamin Sutor.
 Contributors
About the author
Robert S. Sutor has been a technical leader and executive in the IT industry for over 35 years.
More than two decades of that have been spent in IBM Research in New York. During his time
there, he worked on and led efforts in symbolic mathematical computation, mathematical
programming languages, optimization, AI, blockchain, and quantum computing. He is the
author of Dancing with Qubits: How quantum computing works and how it can change the
world, also with Packt. He is the published co-author of several research papers and the book
Axiom: The Scientific Computation System with the late Richard D. Jenks.
Sutor was an IBM executive on the software side of the business in areas including Java
web application servers, emerging industry standards, software on Linux, mobile, and open
source. He’s a theoretical mathematician by training, has a Ph.D. from Princeton University,
and an undergraduate degree from Harvard College. He started coding when he was 15 and
has used most of the programming languages that have come along.

I want to thank my wife, Judith Hunter, and children, Katie and William, for their
love, patience, and humor while this book was being written.
I also want to thank the following for their conversations, insight, and inspiration
regarding coding, Python, Computer Science, and Quantum Computing: Abe Asfaw,
Andrew Wack, Aparna Prabhakar, Barry Trager, Blake Johnson, Chris Nay, Christine
Vu, Christopher Schnabel, David Bryant, Fran Cabrera, Hanhee Paik, Heather
Higgins, Ismael Faro, James Weaver, James Wooten, Jay Gambetta, Jeanette Garcia,
Jenn Glick, Jerry Chow, Joseph Broz, Julianna Murphy, Julien Gacon, Katie Pizzolato,
Luciano Bello, Matthew B. Treinish, Mark Mattingley-Scott, Matthias Steffen, Michael
Houston, Paul Nation, Rajeev Malik, Robert Loredo, Ryan Mandelbaum, Samantha
Davis, Sarah Sheldon, Sean Dague, Stefan Woerner, and Zaira Nazario.
About the reviewer
Martin Renou is a Scientific Software Engineer working at QuantStack (Paris, France). Before
joining QuantStack, Martin also worked as a Software Developer at Enthought (Cambridge,
UK). He studied at the French Aerospace Engineering School ISAE-Supaero, with a major in
autonomous systems and programming. As an open source developer, Martin has worked on a
variety of projects, mostly around the Jupyter project ecosystem.
 Table of Contents
Preface xxi
Why did I write this book? xxii
For whom did I write this book? xxiii
What does this book cover? xxiv
What conventions do I use in this book? xxvi
Download the example code files xxvii
Download the color images xxvii
Get in touch xxviii

Chapter 1: Doing the Things That Coders Do 1

1.1 Data 2
1.2 Expressions 4
1.3 Functions 5
1.4 Libraries 7
1.5 Collections 8
1.6 Conditional processing 9
1.7 Loops 13
1.8 Exceptions 17
1.9 Records 18
1.10 Objects and classes 19
1.11 Qubits 22
1.12 Circuits 25
1.13 Summary 28

Part I: Getting to Know Python 29

Chapter 2: Working with Expressions 31
2.1 Numbers 32
2.2 Strings 33

[ vii ]
Table of Contents

2.3 Lists 34
2.4 Variables and assignment 35
2.5 True and False 37
2.6 Arithmetic 41
2.7 String operations 48
2.8 List operations 53
2.9 Printing 56
2.10 Conditionals 58
2.11 Loops 62
2.12 Functions 68
2.13 Summary 75

Chapter 3: Collecting Things Together 77

3.1 The big three 78
3.2 Lists 80
3.3 The joy of O(1) 99
3.4 Tuples 100
3.5 Comprehensions 104
3.6 What does “Pythonic” mean? 106
3.7 Nested comprehensions 107
3.8 Parallel traverse 109
3.9 Dictionaries 110
3.10 Sets 119
3.11 Summary 126

Chapter 4: Stringing You Along 127

4.1 Single, double, and triple quotes 128
4.2 Testing for substrings 129
4.3 Accessing characters 130
4.4 Creating strings 131
4.5 Strings and iterations 134
4.6 Strings and slicing 135
4.7 String tests 136
4.8 Splitting and stripping 138
4.9 Summary 139

[ viii ]
 Table of Contents

Chapter 5: Computing and Calculating 141

5.1 Using Python modules 142
5.2 Integers 145
5.3 Floating-point numbers 156
5.4 Rational numbers 169
5.5 Complex numbers 172
5.6 Symbolic computation 177
5.7 Random numbers 179
5.8 Quantum randomness 184
5.9 Summary 188

Chapter 6: Defining and Using Functions 189

6.1 The basic form 190
6.2 Parameters and arguments 192
6.3 Naming conventions 195
6.4 Return values 196
6.5 Keyword arguments 199
6.6 Default argument values 203
6.7 Formatting conventions 204
6.8 Nested functions 205
6.9 Variable scope 206
6.10 Functions are objects 212
6.11 Anonymous functions 214
6.12 Recursion 216
6.13 Summary 228

Chapter 7: Organizing Objects into Classes 229

7.1 Objects 230
7.2 Classes, methods, and variables 232
7.3 Object representation 236
7.4 Magic methods 239
7.5 Attributes and properties 247
7.6 Naming conventions and encapsulation 250
7.7 Commenting Python code 251
7.8 Documenting Python code 252

[ ix ]
Table of Contents

7.9 Enumerations 257

7.10 More polynomial magic 260
7.11 Class variables 278
7.12 Class and static methods 280
7.13 Inheritance 281
7.14 Iterators 292
7.15 Generators 296
7.16 Objects in collections 298
7.17 Creating modules 302
7.18 Summary 303

Chapter 8: Working with Files 305

8.1 Paths and the file system 306
8.2 Moving around the file system 310
8.3 Creating and removing directories 312
8.4 Lists of files and folders 313
8.5 Names and locations 316
8.6 Types of files 317
8.7 Reading and writing files 318
8.8 Saving and restoring data 324
8.9 Summary 328

PART II: Algorithms and Circuits 329

Chapter 9: Understanding Gates and Circuits 331
9.1 The software stack 332
9.2 Boolean operations and bit logic gates 333
9.3 Logic circuits 342
9.4 Simplifying bit expressions 345
9.5 Universality for bit gates 346
9.6 Quantum gates and operations 348
9.7 Quantum circuits 365
9.8 Universality for quantum gates 382
9.9 Summary 382

[x]
 Table of Contents

Chapter 10: Optimizing and Testing Your Code 383

10.1 Testing your code 384
10.2 Timing how long your code takes to run 391
10.3 Optimizing your code 393
10.4 Looking for orphan code 400
10.5 Defining and using decorators 403
10.6 Summary 408

Chapter 11: Searching for the Quantum Improvement 409

11.1 Classical searching 410
11.2 Quantum searching via Grover 415
11.3 Oracles 417
11.4 Inversion about the mean 424
11.5 Amplitude amplification 426
11.6 Searching over two qubits 431
11.7 Summary 436

PART III: Advanced Features and Libraries 439

Chapter 12: Searching and Changing Text 441
12.1 Core string search and replace methods 442
12.2 Regular expressions 445
12.3 Introduction to Natural Language Processing 462
12.4 Summary 473

Chapter 13: Creating Plots and Charts 475

13.1 Function plots 476
13.2 Bar charts 499
13.3 Histograms 506
13.4 Pie charts 508
13.5 Scatter plots 511
13.6 Moving to three dimensions 516
13.7 Summary 525

Chapter 14: Analyzing Data 527

14.1 Statistics 528

[ xi ]
Table of Contents

14.2 Cats and commas 538

14.3 pandas DataFrames 539
14.4 Data cleaning 555
14.5 Statistics with pandas 558
14.6 Converting categorical data 561
14.7 Cats by gender in each locality 563
14.8 Are all tortoiseshell cats female? 569
14.9 Cats in trees and circles 571
14.10 Summary 574

Chapter 15: Learning, Briefly 575

15.1 What is machine learning? 576
15.2 Cats again 577
15.3 Feature scaling 580
15.4 Feature selection and reduction 586
15.5 Clustering 589
15.6 Classification 595
15.7 Linear regression 605
15.8 Concepts of neural networks 611
15.9 Quantum machine learning 618
15.10 Summary 619

Appendices 621
Appendix A: Tools 623
A.1 The operating system command line 624
A.2 Installing Python 624
A.3 Installing Python modules and packages 625
A.4 Installing a virtual environment 629
A.5 Installing the Python packages used in this book 630
A.6 The Python interpreter 630
A.7 IDLE 631
A.8 Visual Studio Code 633
A.9 Jupyter notebooks 635
A.10 Installing and setting up Qiskit 638

[ xii ]
 Table of Contents

A.11 The IBM Quantum Composer and Lab 639

A.12 Linting 641

Appendix B: Staying Current 645

B.1 python.org 645
B.2 qiskit.org 646
B.3 Python expert sites 646
B.4 Asking questions and getting answers 647

Appendix C: The Complete UniPoly Class 649

Appendix D: The Complete Guitar Class Hierarchy 667
Appendix E: Notices 673
E.1 Photos, images, and diagrams 673
E.2 Data 674
E.3 Trademarks 674
E.4 Python 3 license 674

Appendix F: Production Notes 677

References 681
Other Books You May Enjoy 693
Index 697
Index Formatting Examples 697

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