MySQL
Unit 4
What is MySQL
• MySQL is a Database management
System which is used to storing,
retrieving, managing and
manipulating data.
Effectiveness of MySQL
• Cost:
▫ MySQL is open-source, and is usually free to
use (and even modify) the software without
paying for it.
• Performance:
▫ MySQL is fast
• Trusted:
▫ MySQL is used by some of the most important
and prestigious organization and sites, all of
whome entrust it with their critical data.
• Simplicity:
▫ MySQL is easy to install and get up and running.
MySQL Tools
• MySQL is a client-server DBMS.
• It needs a client application to
interact MySQL.
• Three of them are
▫ mysql Command-Line Utility.
▫ MySQL Administrator.
▫ MySQL Query Br0wser.
mysql Command-Line Utility
• mysql is a command-line client tool that is
installed as standard with the MySQL package.
• Typing mysql command in command prompt will
display the following output:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.
Commands end with ; or \g. Your
MySQL connection id is 234343 to
server version: 5.0.27 Type 'help;'
or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear
the buffer.
mysql>
• Commands are typed after the mysql>
prompt
• Commands ends with ; 0r \g;(just
pressing enter will not work)
• Type 'help;' or '\h' for help.
• Type quit or exit to quit command
line utility
MySQL Administrator
• graphical interactive client designed to simplify the
administration of MySQL Servers
• displays icons for selection of different views
• Server information:
▫ displays status and version informaion about the
server and the client.
• Service control:
▫ to stop and start MySQL
• User administration:
▫ to define MySQL users, logins and previleges.
• Catalogs
▫ lists available databases
▫ create new databases and tables
MySQL Query Browser
• graphical interactive client used to
write and execute MySQL commands.
• must be downloaded.
• It prompts for server and login
information and displays application
interface.
• MySQL commands are typed on top of the
screen. click execute button for processing.
• results are displayed in a grid in left of the
screen
• all datasources are displayed at right of the
screen
• MySQL Query browser will automatically write
MySQL statements when the selects tables and
columns.
• history of executed MySQL statements are
maintained.
• Help on MySQL Syntax, functions are available
Prerequisites for MySQL connection
• The hostname (name of the
computer)-localhost if connection to
a locale server
• The port
• A valid username
• The user password
Databases Basics
• Database is a collection of data stored in
some organized fashion.
• a table is a structured file that can store
data of a specific type. Every table in a
database have unique name.
• set of information that describes a table is
known as schema.
• Column: A single field in a table. Each
column has an associated datatype.
• Row: a record in a table. each record saved
is stored in its own row.
• Primary key : A column whose values
uniquely identify every row in a table
Selecting a database
• When first connected to MySQL, no databases
are open to use. To select a database, the
keyword USE is used. It does not return any
results.
• Input:
▫ use crashcourse;
• Output:
▫ Database changed.
Databases and tables
• Information about the databases, tables,
columns, users, previleges are stored within the
databases and tables themselves.
• MySQL SHOW command is used to display this
information.
• Ex: SHOW DATABASES; returns list of available
databases. Database
mysql
forta
flex
Test
crashcourse
show commands
• SHOW TABLES; returns list of available
tables in the currently selected databases.
• Output:
Tables_in_crashcourse
customers
orderitems
orders
products
productnotes
vendors
Show commands
• SHOW COLUMNS FROM <tablename>;
▫ It returns a row for each field containing the fieldname,
its datatype, whether null is allowed, key information,
default value and extra information.
• Ex: SHOW COLUMNS FROM customers;
Field Type Null Key Default Extra
cust_id int(11) NO PRI NULL auto_increment
cust_name char(50) NO
cust_city char(50) YES NULL
cust_email char(50) YES NULL
cust_phone char(50) YES NULL
Show commands
• SHOW STATUS: to display extensive server
status information.
• SHOW GRANTS: used to display security rights
granted to users.
• SHOW ERRORS and SHOW WARNINGS: used
to display server error or warning messages
MySQL data types
• Datatypes are rules that define what data may be
stored in a column and how that data is actually
stored.
• Major MySQL datatypes are
▫ String
▫ Numeric
▫ Date and time
▫ Binary
String Datatypes
• Fixed-length strings :
▫ fixed number of characters.
• variable-length strings:
▫ text of variable length
• manipulate fixed length faster than variable
length.
String datatypes
Datatype Description
Char Fixed-length string from 1- 255 Chars long. size must be
specified at create time.
VARCHAR same as Char but the size is maximum.
Enum Accepts one of a predefined set of upto 64K strings.
SET Accepts zero or more of a predefined set of upto 64K strings.
TEXT variable length string with the maximum size of 64 K
MEDIUMTEXT TEXT with maximum size of 16K
TINYTEXT TEXT with maximum size of 255 BYTES
LONGTEXT TEXT with maximum size of 4GB
Numeric Datatypes
Datatype Description
BIT A bit field, from 1-64 bits wide.
BOOLEAN Boolean flag, either 0 or 1
INT (or INTEGER) Integer value support numbers from -2147483648 to
2147483647.( if unsigned 0 to 4294967295)
BIGINT Integer value, supports numbers from
-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807
MEDIUMINT Integer value, supports numbers from
-838808 to 8388607
SMALLINT Integer value, supports numbers from
-32768 to 32767
TINYINT Integer value, supports numbers from
-128 to 127
Numeric datatypes(cont..)
DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION
DECIMAL Floating point values with varying levels of precision.
DOUBLE Double-precision floating point values.
FLOAT Single-precision floating point values.
REAL 4-byte floating point values
Date and time Data types: For the
storage of date and time values.
Datatype
DATE 1000-01-01 TO 9999 -12-31 IN THE format yyyy-mm-dd
DATETIME Combination of Date and time
TIMESTAMP Equal DATETIME( smaller range)
TIME HH:MM:SS
YEAR 2 or 4 digit year two digit year(70(1970) to 69(2069))
4 digit year range from1901 to 2155
Binary Datatypes: to store graphics images,
multimedia and wordprocessor documents.
BLOB Blob with a maximum length of 64K
(Binary Large Object)
MEDIUMBLOB Blob with a maximum length of 16MB
LONGBLOB Blob with a maximum length of 4GB
TINYBLOB Blob with a maximum length of 255bytes
Creating and manipulating
tables
Two ways to create database tables
• Using an administration tool: the
interface generates and executes
the MySQL seamlessly.
• With MySQL Statements :
CREATE TABLE SQL statement
is used.
Information required to create a table
• Name of the new table
• Name and definition of the table
columns.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE tablename
(
column datatype [NULL/NOT NULL]
[CONSTRAINTS],
column datatype [NULL/NOT NULL]
[CONSTRAINTS],
...
);
• Table definitions are enclosed within
paranthesis.
• Columns are separated by commas(,)
• Each column definition starts with column name
followed by datatype.
• Primary keys are specified by PRIMARY KEY
keyword.
• The entire statement is terminated with
semicolon(;).
eXAMPLE
CREATE TABLE customers
(
cust_id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
cust_name char(50) NOT NULL,
cust_city char(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT
TVL,
cust_email char(50) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(cust_id)
)ENGINE =InnoDB;
cust_id cust_name cust_city cust_email
NULL VALUES:
A column that allows NULL values also allows rows to be inserted with no values
for that column.
A column that does not allow null values does not accept rows with no values.
PRIMARY KEYS:
Primary key values must be unique.
AUTO_INCREMENT:
To generate unique numbers when a new row inserted.
DEFAULT VALUES:
Default values are used if no value is specified when a row is inserted.
Engines
• MySQL has an internal engine that
actually manages and manipulates data.
• MySQL supports several engines with
different capabilities.
• The default engine is MyISAM
Engine Types
• InnoDB: Transaction safe engine. Does
not support full-text searching.
• MEMORY: Data is stored in memory
instead of disk and so it is fast. It is
suitable for temporary table.
• MyISAM: high performance engine. It
supports full-text searching.
Updating Tables
• To update table definitions ALTER TABLE
statement is used.
• It needs
▫ Name of the table to be altered.
▫ List of changes to be made
• Syntax:
ALTER TABLE tablename
(
ADD column datatype [NULL|NOT NULL] [CONSTRAINS],
CHANGE column columns datatype [NULL|NOT NULL]
[CONSTRAINS],
DROP COLUMN,
…
);
EXAMPLES
1. Add a column
ALTER TABLE vendors ADD vend_phone
CHAR(20);
2. Remove a column
ALTER TABLE vendors ADD vend_phone
CHAR(20);
3. Add a constrain
ALTER TABLE orderitems ADD CONSTRAIN
fk_orderitems_products FOREIGN KEY
(prod_id) REFERENCES customers (cust_id);
Steps to change complex structure
• Create a new table with new column layout.
• Use INSERT SELECT to copy the data from old
table to new tble.
• Verify the new table
• Rname the old table
• Rename the new table with the name previously
used by the old table
• Re-create any triggers, stored procedures,
indexes and foreign keys as needed.
DELETING Tables
• Tables are deleted using DROP TABE statement
Syntax:
DROP TABLE tablename;
Example:
DROP TABLE customer2;
RENAMING TABLES
• RENAME TABLE statement is used.
Syntax:
RENAME TABLE oldname to newname;
Example:
RENAME TABLE customers2 to customers;
INSERTING DATA
• INSERT can be used in many ways
▫ To insert a single complete row
▫ To insert a single partial row
▫ To insert multiple rows
▫ To insert the results of a query
Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name
(column_1,column_2,...)
VALUES (value_1,value_2,...);
Required Information:
• tablename
• values to be inserted.
Insert complete rows
Name address city state zip contact
Insert into customers (Name, address,
city, state, zip, contact) values (‘John’,
‘Perumalpuram’, ‘Tirunelveli’,
‘Tamilnadu’, 627005, 234908);
Inserting Multiple rows
Insert into customers (Name, address, city, state,
zip, contact)
VALUES (‘John’, ‘Perumalpuram’, ‘Tirunelveli’,
‘Tamilnadu’, 627005, 234908), (‘Jessi’,
‘Weststreet’, ‘Alankulam’, ‘Tamilnadu’, 627135,
235678);
Inserting Retrieved data
Insert into customers
(Name, address, city, state, zip, contact)
SELECT
Cust_name, cust_addr, cust_city, cust_state, zip,
city
FROM custnew;
