Module 1
FUNCTIONS
Differential and Integral Calculus 1
Lesson 1:
FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL NOTATION
Differential and Integral Calculus 2
OBJECTIVE:
• define and evaluate function
Differential and Integral Calculus 3
DEFINITION: FUNCTION
• A function is a special relation such that
every first element is paired to a unique
second element.
• It is a set of ordered pairs with no two
pairs having the same first element.
• A function is a correspondence from a
set X of real numbers x to a set Y of real
numbers y, where the number y is unique
for a specific value of x.
Differential and Integral Calculus 4
Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
Consider the following graphs
y = x +1
3 y = sin x
and
Each value of x maps to only one Each value of x maps to only one value
value of y... of y ...
and each y is mapped from only BUT many other x values map to that y.
one x.
Differential and Integral Calculus 5
Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
Consider the following graphs
y = x +13 y = sin x
and
y = x + 1 is an example of
3 y = sin x is an example of a
many-to-one function
a one-to-one function
One-to-many is NOT a function. It is just a relation. Thus
a function is a relation but a relation could never be a
function.
Differential and Integral Calculus 6
In order to have a function, there must be one
value of the dependent variable (y) for each value of
the independent variable (x). Or, there could also be
two or more independent variables (x) for every
dependent variable (y). These correspondences are
called one-to-one correspondence and many-to-one
correspondence, respectively. Therefore, a function is
a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in which no
two distinct ordered pairs have the same first number.
Differential and Integral Calculus 7
Ways of Expressing a function:
1. Set notation 4. Graph
2. Tabular form 5. Mapping
3. Equation
Differential and Integral Calculus 8
Example: Express the function y = 2x; x= 0,1,2,3
.
in 5 ways.
1. Set notation
(a) S = { ( 0, 0) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2, 4 ), ( 3, 6) } or
(b) S = { (x , y) such that y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2, 3 }
2. Tabular form
x 0 1 2 3
y 0 2 4 6
Differential and Integral Calculus 9
3. Equation: y = 2x
4. Graph 5. Mapping
y x y
5
4 ●
3 0
0
2 ●
1 2
1
● x 2 4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5
3 6
-2
-3
-4
-5
Differential and Integral Calculus 10
EXAMPLE:
Determine whether or not each of the following
sets represents a function:
1. A = {(-1, -1), (10, 0), (2, -3), (-4, -1)}
2. B = {(2, a), (2, -a), (2, 2a), (3, a2)}
3. C = {(a, b)| a and b are integers and a = b2}
4. D = {(a, b)| a and b are positive integers and a = b2}
5.
E = (x , y ) | y 2 = x − 4
Differential and Integral Calculus 11
SOLUTIONS:
1. A is a function.
There are more than one element as the first
component of the ordered pair with the same
second component namely (-1, -1) and (-4, -1),
called a many-to-one correspondence. One-to-
many correspondence is a not function but
many-to-one correspondence is a function.
2. B is a not a function.
There exists one-to-many correspondence
namely, (2, a), (2, -a) and (2, 2a).
Differential and Integral Calculus 12
3. C is not a function.
There exists a one-to-many correspondence in
C such as (1, 1) and (1, -1), (4, 2) and (4, -2),
(9, 3) and (9, -3), etc.
4. D is a function.
The ordered pairs with negative values in solution
c above are no longer elements of C since a and b
are given as positive integers. Therefore, one-to-
many correspondence does not exist anymore in
set D.
5. E is not a function
Because for every value of x, y will have two
values. Differential and Integral Calculus 13
OTHER EXAMPLES:
Determine whether or not each of the following sets
represents a function:
a) S = { ( 4, 7 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( 6, 9 ), ( 7, 10 ), ( 8, 11 ) }
b) S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | ; x R }
c) y=x2 –5
d) |y|= x
2x
e) y = x + 2
f) y = x +1
Differential and Integral Calculus 14
DEFINITION: FUNCTION NOTATION
• Letters like f , g , h, F,G,H and the likes are used
to designate functions.
• When we use f as a function, then for each x in
the domain of f , f ( x ) denotes the image of x
under f .
• The notation f ( x ) is read as “ f of x ”.
Differential and Integral Calculus 15
f ( x ) = 2 x − 3x + 6
Remember---this tells you what is on the 2
right hand side---it is not something you
work. It says that the right hand side is
f (2 ) = 2(2 ) − 3(2 ) + 6
the function f and it has x in it. 2
f (2 ) = 2(4 ) − 3(2 ) + 6 = 8 − 6 + 6 = 8
So we have a function called f that has the variable x in it.
Using function notation we could then ask the following:
Find f (2). This means to find the function f and instead
of having an x in it, put a 2 in it. So let’s
take the function above and make brackets
everywhere the x was and in its place, put in
a 2.
Find f (-2). f ( x ) = 2 x − 3x + 6
2
f (− 2) = 2(− 2) − 3(− 2) + 6
2
f (− 2) = 2(4) − 3(− 2) + 6 = 8 + 6 + 6 = 20
Find f (k). f ( x ) = 2 x − 3x + 6
2
f (k ) = 2(k ) − 3(k ) + 6
2
( )
f (k ) = 2 k − 3(k ) + 6 = 2k − 3k + 6
2 2
Find f (2k). f ( x ) = 2 x − 3x + 6
2
f (2k ) = 2(2k ) − 3(2k ) + 6
2
( )
f (2k ) = 2 4k − 3(2k ) + 6 = 8k − 6k + 6
2 2
Let's try a new function: g (x ) = x − 2 x
2
Find g(1)+ g(-4).
g (1) = (1) − 2(1) = −1
2
g (− 4) = (− 4) − 2(− 4) = 16 + 8 = 24
2
EXERCISE:
A. Which of the following represents a function?
1.A = {(2, -3), (1, 0), (0, 0), (-1, -1)}
2.B = {(a, b)|b = ea}
3.C = {(x, y)| y = 2x + 1}
4. 𝐃 = 𝐚, 𝐛 |𝐛 = 𝟏 − 𝐚𝟐
5. E = {(x, y)|y = (x -1)2 + 2}
6. F = {(x, y)|x = (y+1)3 – 2}
7. G = {(x, y)|x2 + y2 = }
8. H = {(x, y)|x y}
9. I = {(x, y)| |x| + |y| = 1}
10. J = {(x, y)|x is positive integer and x = 1 + 7 }
y −3
Differential and Integral Calculus 19
B. Given the function f defined by f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 1,
find:
1. f(0)
2. f(1/2)
3. f(k + 1)
4. f(h – 1)
Differential and Integral Calculus 20
C. Given F ( x) = 2 x + 3, find
1. 𝐹(−1),
2. 𝐹(4),
3. 𝐹(2𝑥 + 3),
1
4. 𝐹 ,
2
D. If 𝜑(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 , find
1. 𝜑(0),
2. 𝜑(𝜋),
3. 𝜑(−𝑥),
4. 𝜑(𝜋 − 𝑦)
Differential and Integral Calculus 21
