Module 1
FUNCTIONS
Differential and Integral Calculus
Lesson 3:
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
Differential and Integral Calculus
OBJECTIVE:
• identify the domain and range of function
Differential and Integral Calculus
As we mentioned in our previous lesson, a function
can be represented in different ways and one of which
is through a graph or its geometric representation.
We also mentioned that a function may be
represented as the set of ordered pairs (x, y). That is
plotting the set of ordered pairs as points on the
rectangular coordinates system and joining them will
determine a curve called the graph of the function.
The graph of a function f consists of all points (x, y)
whose coordinates satisfy y = f(x), for all x in the
domain of f. The set of ordered pairs (x, y) may also
be represented by (x, f(x)) since y = f(x).
Differential and Integral Calculus
Knowledge of the standard forms of the special
curves discussed in Analytic Geometry such as lines
and conic sections is very helpful in sketching the
graph of a function. Functions other than these
curves can be graphed by point-plotting.
To facilitate the graphing of a function, the
following steps are suggested:
• Choose a suitable values of x from the domain of a
function and
• Construct a table of function values y = f(x) from the
given values of x.
• Plot these points (x, y) from the table.
• Connect the plotted points with a smooth curve.
Differential and Integral Calculus
EXAMPLE:
A. Sketch the graph of the following functions and
determine the domain and range.
1. f ( x) = x 2
5.h( x) = 9 − x 2
2.G ( x) = 9 − x 6.g ( x) = 3 + x + 2
3.G ( x) = x + 4
2
x + 3x + 2
2
4.h( x) =
x +1
Differential and Integral Calculus
SOLUTIONS
2.F ( x) = 9 − x 3.G ( x) = x 2 + 4
1. f ( x) = x 2
(9, 0)
(0, 4)
D : (− ,+9) D : (− ,+ )
D : (− ,+ )
R : 0,+ ) R : + 4,+ )
R : 0,+ )
x 2 + 3x + 2 6.g ( x) = 3 + x + 2
4.h( x) = 5.h( x) = 9 − x 2
x +1
(-1, 1) (0, 3)
(-2, 3)
(-3, 0) (3, 0)
D : (− ,+ ) except − 1 D : (− ,+ )
D : (− 3,+3)
R : + 3,+ )
R : (− ,+ ) except + 1 R : 0,+3
Differential and Integral Calculus
When the graph of a function is given, one can easily
determine its domain and range. Geometrically, the
domain and range of a function refer to all the
x-coordinate and y-coordinate for which the curve
passes, respectively.
Recall that all relations are not functions. A function
is one that has a unique value of the dependent
variable for each value of the independent variable
in its domain. Geometrically speaking, this means:
Differential and Integral Calculus
A relation f is said to be a function if and only if, in its
graph, each vertical line cuts or touches the curve
at no more than one point.
This is called the vertical line test.
Consider the relation defined as {(x, y)|x2 + y2 = 9}.
When graphed, a circle is formed with center at
(0, 0) having a radius of 3 units. It is not a function
because for any x in the interval (-3, 3), two ordered
pairs have x as their first element. For example, both
(0, 3) and (0, -3) are elements of the relation. Using
the vertical line test, a vertical line when drawn
within –3 x 3 intersects the curve at two points.
Refer to the figure below.
Differential and Integral Calculus
(0, 3)
(-3, 0) (3, 0)
(0, -3)
Differential and Integral Calculus
B. The graph of F and G are given:
1. Find the values of f(0) and g(-2).
2. For what values of x is f(x) = g(x)?
3. State the domain and range of f.
4. State the domain and range of g.
5. For what values of x is f(x)=0?
Differential and Integral Calculus
C. The graph of the function f is shown below.
Define f(x) piecewise.
(-1,2) (1,2)
-2 2
D. Sketch the graph of the signum function
sgn(x) and also, the function sgn(x+2)
Differential and Integral Calculus
EXERCISES:
Given the following functions, determine the domain and
range, and sketch the graph:
1. H : y = 4 x + 3 x − 1 if x 3
7. F : y =
2 x + 1 if x 3
2. F : y = 1 + x
3. G : y = 1 − 2 x − 3 if x 1
4. h : y = x 2 + 3 8. f : y = − 1 if 1 x 2
x 2 − 2x + 1 3 if x 2
5. g : y =
x −1
6. h : y 2 = 4 + x 2 9. G : y = 4 − x
y=
(x + 3x − 4)(x − 9)
2 2
10.
(x + x − 12)(x + 3)
2
Differential and Integral Calculus
