RDBMS – Relational Database Management System

PRIMARY KEY An attribute or group of attributes that can

uniquely identify tuples within a relation.
 Must contain unique values
 It arranges the table in an order
 Cant be left NULL
CANDIDATE KEY Capable of becoming the primary key.
ALTERNATE KEY A candidate key that is not selected as
primary key
 Candidate keys-primary key =
alternate key
FOREIGN KEY Non key attribute whose value is derived
from primary key of another table. Primary
key of some other table having relationship
with current table

DDL – Data Definition Language

  CREATE – CREATE DATABASE / CREATE TABLE
 ALTER – ADD(COL/CONSTRAINT), MODIFY, DROP(COL/CONSTRAINT), CHANGE
 DROP – TABLE / DATABASE
 USE
 SHOW

DML – Data Manipulation Language

 INSERT INTO
 UPDATE
 DELETE

DQL – Data Query Language

 SELECT

TCL – Transaction Control Language

 COMMIT
 ROLLBACK

Referential Integrity – system of rules that a DBMS uses to ensure that relationships
between records in related tables are valid, and that users don’t accidently delete or change
related data

CHECK CONSTRAINT – CREATE TABLE STUDENT ( ROLL INTEGER CHECK(ROLL >0)); # column

CREATE TABLE STUDENT( ROLL INTEGER, SNO INTEGER, CHECK (ROLL <> SNO) # table

 IN -> SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE ROLL IN (101,102);

 BETWEEN – lower and upper limits are included
 LIKE -> SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE DOB LIKE “2018%”;
 Multiple conditions using OR
ALTER QUERY
1. Adding a new column :

ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD PHONENO INTEGER;

2. Adding a column with default value

ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD CITY CHAR(6) DEFAULT “DELHI”;

3. Modifying an existing column

ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY CITY VARCHAR(10);

4. Renaming a column

ALTER TABLE STUDENT CHANGE CITY STATE VARCHAR(10);

5. Removing a column

ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP STATE;

6. Adding Primary Key Constraint

ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD PRIMARY KEY(ROLLNO);

7. Deleting Primary Key Constraint

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP PRIMARY KEY;

8. Delete a constraint

ALTER TABLE Persons DROP CONSTRAINT UC_Person;

9. Adding a constraint

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT New_mail UNIQUE (mail);

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. BOOKNO, BOOKNAME, QUANTITY, PRICE, AUTHOR

Write the SQL statement to add a new column REVIEW to store the reviews of the book.

ALTER TABLE BOOKS ADD REVIEW VARCHAR (255);

2. Consider the table Persons whose fields are P_ID, LastName, FirstName, Address,

City. Add a new row but add data only in the P_Id, LastName and FirstName as 5, Peterson,
Kari respectively.

INSERT INTO Persons (P_ID, LastName, FirstName) VALUES (5, 'Peterson', 'Kari')

3. If a database "Employee" exists, which MySQL command helps you to start working in that
database?
USE EMPLOYEE;

4. An attribute A of datatype varchar (20) has the value “Amit”. The Attribute B of datatype
char (20) has value ”Karanita”. How many characters are occupied in attribute A? How many
characters are occupied in attribute B?

4 characters occupied in attribute A. 20 characters in attribute B

5. Ms. Shruti has create a table GAMES having attributes ID, GAME, NO_PLAYERS. Later she
wants to add a new attribute DURATION of integer type in the table. Write the query for it.

ALTER TABLE GAMES ADD DUARTION INTEGER;

6. Benjamin a database administrator created a table with few columns. He wants to stop
duplicating the data in the table. Suggest how he can do so.

He can use primary key for a column

7. Write an SQL command to change the data type of a column named price
to number (10,2) in a table named stationary

Alter table stationary modify price numeric (10,2);

8. Write an SQL command to change the values of all the rows of the column price of table
stationary to Null
Update stationary set price=Null;

9. What constraint should be applied on a column of a table so that it becomes compulsory to

insert the value
NOT NULL / PRIMARY KEY

10. Write an SQL command to assign F_id as primary key in the table named flight

ALTER TABLE flight ADD PRIMARY KEY(F_id);

11. Write an SQL command to remove the column remarks from the table name customer.

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER DROP REMARKS;

12. What constraint/s should be applied to the column in a table to make it as alternate key?
UNIQUE, NOT NULL

13. What constraint should be applied to a table column to ensure that all values in that
column must be unique and not NULL?
Use the UNIQUE constraint along with the NOT NULL / PRIMARY KEY constraint

14. What constraint should be applied to a table column to ensure that it can have
multiple NULL values but cannot have any duplicate non-NULL values?
Use the UNIQUE constraint alone
15. Write an SQL command to drop the unique constraint named unique_email from a
column named email in a table called Users.
ALTER TABLE Users DROP CONSTRAINT unique_email;

16. Write an SQL command to add a unique constraint to the email column of an existing
table named Users, ensuring that all email addresses are unique.
ALTER TABLE Users ADD CONSTRAINT unique_email UNIQUE (email);

17. What constraint should be applied on a table column so that NULL is not allowed in
that column, but duplicate values are allowed.
NOT NULL

18. What constraint should be applied on a table column so that duplicate values are not
allowed in that column, but NULL is allowed.
UNIQUE

19. Write an SQL command to remove the Primary Key constraint from a table, named
MOBILE. M_ID is the primary key of the table.
ALTER TABLE MOBILE DROP PRIMARY KEY;

20. Write an SQL command to make the column M_ID the Primary Key of an already
existing table, named MOBILE
ALTER TABLE MOBILE ADD PRIMARY KEY (M_ID);

JOINS
 CARTESIAN PRODUCT
o SELECT * FROM T1, T2
o (degree – no. of columns in T1 + no. of columns in T2)
o (cardinality – no. of rows in T1 * no. of rows in T2)
 EQUI JOIN
o SELECT * FROM T1, T2 WHERE T1.NO = T2.NO;
 NATURAL JOIN
o SELECT * FROM T1 NATURAL JOIN T2
o (Degree – no. of column in T1 + no. Of column in T2 – 1)
o (Cardinality – no. of common tuples in T1 and T2)

There is a difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraint. - Unique allows NULL
values whereas PRIMARY KEY does not allow.

 Count (<column name>) does not take NULL values if column is specified.
(Count(rollno))
 Count (*) takes the NULL values also
 Order of flow – where, group by, having, order by

DATE FORMAT

 Select * from t1 where year (DOB) = 2019;

 Select * from t1 where DOB like “2019%”;
 Select * from t1 where DOB BETWEEN 2019-01-01 AND 2020-01-01