Java Backend Learning Roadmap
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Måyāñk GãürJava Backend Learning Roadmap
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Måyāñk Gãür he Complete Java Backend Development Roadmap: From
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Novice to Production-Ready
Introduction: Charting Your Course
elcome to the modern Java ecosystem. For decades, Java has been a titan in the
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world of software development, powering large-scale enterprise systems, financial
applications, and big data platforms.1 Its reputation for stability, performance, and
cross-platform portability via the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) has made it an enduring
choice for building mission-critical software.1 While its history is long, the ecosystem
has evolved dramatically. The advent of modern frameworks and tools has made
developing with Java more productive, accessible, and powerful than ever before,
ensuring its continued relevance in the age of cloud computing and microservices.1
This guide is designed to be a comprehensive roadmap for anyone with a foundational
knowledge of Java syntax who wishes to master the art of modern backend
development.
The Learn-by-Doing Philosophy
he most effective way to learn programming is by building. This report is structured
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not as a dry, theoretical reference, but as a cumulative, project-based curriculum.
Each module introduces a core concept of backend development and immediately
anchors it to a practical, hands-on project. The skills acquired in each step will stack,
building upon one another in a logical progression. This journey will begin with a
simple web service and culminate in a blueprint for a large-scale, portfolio-worthy
capstone project that integrates every technology and pattern covered. The goal is to
equip aspiring developers not just with the "how" of writing code, but the "why"
behind the architectural decisions and technology choices that define professional
software engineering.
Essential First Steps: Your Professional Development Environment
efore writing the first line of code, a professional development environment must be
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established. This setup is standard across the industry and will serve as the
foundation for all projects in this guide.
Java Development Kit (JDK)
he JDK is the core software development kit required to compile and run Java
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applications. It is crucial to use a modern, Long-Term Support (LTS) version of Java.
LTS versions receive security updates and bug fixes for many years, making them the
standard for production environments. The current LTS versions are 17 and 21. For
beginners, a distribution like BellSoft Liberica JDK is an excellent, free, and
well-supported choice.3
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
n IDE is a developer's most important tool. While several options exist,IntelliJ IDEA
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is the de-facto standard for professional Java development, particularly within the
Spring ecosystem.1 Its deep integration with frameworks like Spring Boot, powerful
code completion, and robust debugging tools significantly accelerate the
development process. The free Community Edition is sufficient for this entire guide,
though the Ultimate Edition offers additional features for web and database
development.
API Testing Client
Backend development often involves creating APIs that do not have a graphical user
interface. An API testing client is therefore an indispensable tool for interacting with
and testing the web services that will be built.Postmanis a popular and powerful
choice that allows developers to craft and send HTTP requests, inspect responses,
and organize tests into collections.5 It will be used extensively throughout the projects
in this guide.
Module 1: The Bedrock - Your First Spring Boot Application
his module establishes the absolute foundation of modern Java backend
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development. It demystifies the Spring ecosystem and provides the tools to build and
run a first application, moving from pure theory to a tangible, running web service.
Core Concepts: Understanding the Spring Universe
he name "Spring" refers to a vast ecosystem of projects. Understanding the
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relationship between its key components is the first step to navigating it effectively.
The Spring Framework
he original Spring Framework is the bedrock of the entire ecosystem.8 At its heart, it
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is a powerful but historically complex framework built around the principle of
I nversion of Control (IoC).8 It provides the core functionality that all other Spring
projects rely on, including a sophisticated container for managing application objects
(known as "Beans"), support for Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP), and
foundational data access features.10
Spring MVC
pring MVC is a modulewithinthe larger Spring Framework, specifically designed for
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building web applications.12 It implements the classic Model-View-Controller (MVC)
design pattern, providing the components necessary to handle HTTP requests,
process business logic, and render views. For backend developers, it is the foundation
for creating REST APIs.14
Spring Boot: The Game Changer
pring Boot is the most significant evolution in the Spring ecosystem and is the
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standard for all new Spring applications. It is crucial to understand that Spring Boot is
nota replacement for the Spring Framework; it is an opinionatedextensiondesigned
to drastically simplify its use and get applications running with minimal effort.12 The
complexity of configuring the original Spring Framework was a significant barrier to
entry. Spring Boot was created to solve this problem through several key features:
● Auto-Configuration:This is the "magic" of Spring Boot. It intelligently examines
t he libraries (dependencies) present in a project and automatically configures the
necessary Spring Beans based on those dependencies.13 For example, if it detects
a web framework on the classpath, it automatically configures a web server and
the necessary components for Spring MVC.19 This eliminates thousands of lines of
manual XML or Java-based configuration that were previously required.20
Embedded Servers:Traditionally, Java web applications were packaged as WAR
●
(Web Application Archive) files and deployed to a separate, pre-installed
application server like Apache Tomcat. Spring Boot flips this model by bundling a
web server (Tomcat is the default) directly into the application's executable JAR
file.13 This means a complex web application can be run with a simple
java -jar command, with no external dependencies required.17
● Starter Dependencies:Spring Boot provides a curated set of "starters," which
are convenient dependency descriptors that can be added to a project's build
file.17 For example, including
spring-boot-starter-web not only adds Spring MVC but also includes a
compatible web server, JSON handling libraries, and other common web
development necessities.4 This solves the classic "dependency hell" problem by
providing a set of libraries that are guaranteed to be compatible with each other.
he existence of Spring Boot is a direct and successful response to the historical
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complexity of Java enterprise development. It has lowered the barrier to entry so
dramatically that a beginner can now create and run a production-grade web service
in minutes, a task that once took hours or days of complex configuration. This
represents a fundamental shift in developer experience and is a primary reason for
Java's continued dominance in backend development.
Foundational Pattern: Inversion of Control (IoC) & Dependency Injection (DI)
o truly understand Spring, one must grasp its core philosophical principle: Inversion
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of Control (IoC).8
● Inversion of Control (IoC):In a traditional program, your code is in control. It
reates the objects it needs, when it needs them (e.g., MyService service = new
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MyService();). IoC inverts this relationship. The framework (the Spring IoC
container) is responsible for creating, configuring, and managing the lifecycle of
your application's objects (Beans). Your code simply declares what it needs, and
the framework provides it.8
Dependency Injection (DI):DI is the primarymechanismused to achieve IoC.15
●
Instead of an object creating its own dependencies, those dependencies are
"injected" into it by the framework. The most common and recommended form of
DI is constructor injection, where a class's dependencies are provided as
parameters to its constructor.26 This design leads to loosely coupled components,
as classes are not tied to specific implementations of their dependencies, which,
as will be seen in Module 5, is the key to effective testing.
Build Tools Deep Dive: Maven vs. Gradle
efore creating a project, a developer must choose a build automation tool. These
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tools are responsible for managing project dependencies, compiling source code,
running tests, and packaging the final application. In the Java world, two tools
dominate: Maven and Gradle.
● Maven:Apache Maven is the more established of the two. It operates on a strict
"convention over configuration" philosophy, meaning it expects projects to follow
standard directory structure and build process.27 Its configuration is defined in
a
an XML file named
pom.xml. While this XML can be verbose, it is also highly structured and
predictable.27 Maven uses a fixed, linear lifecycle composed of phases (e.g.,
validate, compile, test, package), and plugins are attached to these phases to
perform work.28
Gradle:Gradle is a more modern and flexible build tool. Its configuration is
●
defined using a concise Domain-Specific Language (DSL) in either the Groovy or
Kotlin programming language, which allows the build process itself to be treated
as code.27 Instead of a rigid lifecycle, Gradle models the build as a Directed
Acyclic Graph (DAG) of tasks.30 This model enables powerful performance
optimizations like incremental builds (only rebuilding what has changed) and a
build cache, which can make it significantly faster than Maven, especially for
large, multi-module projects.27
he choice between these tools is not merely technical but also philosophical. Maven
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represents a structured, predictable path, enforcing conventions that are easy for a
team to follow. Gradle represents power and flexibility, trusting the developer to script
a highly customized and optimized build.
or a beginner, the strong recommendation is to start withMaven. Its rigid structure
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provides helpful guardrails, and the explicit nature of its XML configuration, while
verbose, leaves less "magic" for a newcomer to question. The vast amount of
documentation and community support for Maven, owing to its longer tenure, also
makes it easier to find solutions to common problems.32 The performance benefits of
Gradle are negligible for the smaller projects that a beginner will be working on.
Learning Maven first establishes a strong understanding of the standard conventions
of Java project builds, which makes it easier to appreciate and leverage the power of
Gradle later on.
Feature Maven Gradle ecommendation for
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Beginners
Configuration ML (pom.xml) -
X roovy/Kotlin DSL
G aven: XML is
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Verbose, structured (build.gradle) - explicit and easier to
Concise, code-like grasp initially.
Flexibility igid, phase-based
R lexible, task-based
F aven: The rigid
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lifecycle. Hard to DAG. Highly structure is a helpful
customize. customizable. guardrail.
Performance lower, especially on
S ignificantly faster
S aven: Performance
M
subsequent builds. due to caching and difference is
incremental builds. negligible for small
beginner projects.
Learning Curve ower. Widely
L teeper. Requires
S aven: Easier to get
M
understood. understanding started and find
Groovy/Kotlin DSL. resources.
IDE Support Excellent and mature. ery good and
V tie, but Maven's
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improving rapidly. maturity gives it a
slight edge.
Project 1: The "Hello, World" REST API
his first project walks through the creation of a simple web service from scratch,
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demonstrating the power and simplicity of Spring Boot.
● Step 1: Spring Initializr:The journey begins at start.spring.io, a web-based tool
t hat generates a skeleton Spring Boot project.3 For this project, the following
options should be selected:
○ Project:Maven
○ Language:Java
○ Spring Boot: The latest stable version (e.g., 3.x.x)
○ Dependencies: Search for and add "Spring Web".
After clicking "Generate," a ZIP file containing the project template will be
downloaded.4
Step 2: Project Structure:Unzip the downloaded file and open the project folder
●
in IntelliJ IDEA. It is important to become familiar with the standard Maven project
structure:
○ src/main/java: Contains the Java source code for the application.
○ src/main/resources: Contains non-code resources, such as configuration files
(application.properties) and static assets.
○ src/test/java: Contains the source code for tests.
○ pom.xml: The Project Object Model file, which defines the project's
dependencies and build configuration for Maven.
● Step 3: The Main Application Class:Inside src/main/java, locate the main
pplication class (e.g., DemoApplication.java). This class contains the main
a
method that serves as the entry point for the application. It is annotated with
@SpringBootApplication. This single annotation is a convenience that combines
three other powerful annotations: @Configuration (tags the class as a source of
bean definitions), @EnableAutoConfiguration (triggers Spring Boot's
auto-configuration mechanism), and @ComponentScan (tells Spring to scan the
current package and its sub-packages for other components like controllers and
services).4
Step 4: Creating a REST Controller:To handle web requests, a controller is
●
needed. Create a new Java class named HelloController in the same package as
the main application class.
Java
package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
publicclassHelloController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
publicStringsayHello(){
return"Hello, World!";
}
}
○ @RestController: This annotation marks the class as a controller where every
ethod returns a domain object instead of a view. It is shorthand for including
m
both @Controller and @ResponseBody.
○ @GetMapping("/hello"): This annotation maps HTTP GET requests for the
/hello path to the sayHello method.3
Step 5: Running the Application:The application can be started directly from
●
the IDE by running the main method, or from the command line by navigating to
the project's root directory and executing the Maven wrapper command: ./mvnw
spring-boot:run.19 The console will display logs, including lines indicating that the
embedded Apache Tomcat server has started on a default port, typically 8080.19
● Step 6: Verification:Open a web browser or Postman and make a GET request to
http://localhost:8080/hello. The response should be the string "Hello, World!",
confirming that the first backend service is successfully running.
Module 2: Building Web APIs - The Language of the Internet
ith a running web application, the next step is to make it useful by building
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industry-standard REST APIs. This module covers the principles and practices of
creating APIs that allow different software systems to communicate over the web.
Core Concepts: Introduction to REST (Representational State Transfer)
EST is not a protocol or a standard, but anarchitectural stylefor designing
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networked applications, first defined by computer scientist Roy Fielding in his 2000
dissertation.35 It is a set of constraints that, when applied, result in a system that is
scalable, performant, and easy to evolve. The modern web is built on these principles.
● Resources and URIs:The central idea of REST is that everything is aresource. A
r esource can be any object or piece of information: a user, a product, an order, or,
in our next project, a to-do task. Each resource is uniquely identified by a Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI), which is simply its URL.35 For example,
/tasks/123 would be the URI for the task with an ID of 123.
HTTP Methods as Verbs:REST leverages the standard methods of the HTTP
●
protocol to perform actions on resources. This creates a uniform interface and
maps directly to the common data operations known as CRUD (Create, Read,
Update, Delete).5
○ GET: Retrieve a representation of a resource. (Read)
○ POST: Create a new resource. (Create)
○ PUT: Update or replace an existing resource. (Update)
○ DELETE: Remove a resource. (Delete)
● Statelessness:This is one of the most critical constraints of REST. Each request
sent from a client to the server must contain all the information necessary for the
server to understand and process it. The server does not maintain any client
"session" state between requests.35 If a user is logged in, their identity must be
sent with every single request. This constraint is a fundamental enabler of
scalability. A stateless server is easier to scale horizontally (by adding more
identical server instances), more resilient to failure (any server can handle any
r equest), and simpler to cache.5 By learning to build stateless REST APIs, one is
not just learning to send data over HTTP; one is learning the architectural pattern
that underpins the entire modern cloud-native landscape.
Client-Server Architecture:REST mandates a strict separation between the
●
client (the user interface, e.g., a web browser or mobile app) and the server (the
backend that stores the data). They are independent concerns that communicate
only through the defined REST API.35 This separation allows them to be
developed, deployed, and scaled independently.
● JSON (JavaScript Object Notation):While REST APIs can technically use any
data format,JSONhas become the de-facto standard for exchanging data.38 It is
lightweight, human-readable, and easy for machines to parse, having largely
replaced older, more verbose formats like XML.5 Spring Boot has excellent built-in
support for automatically converting Java objects to and from JSON, a process
known as serialization and deserialization.
his combination of Spring Boot's @RestController and its seamless integration with
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the Jackson library (for JSON conversion) creates a powerful abstraction layer. It
removes almost all of the low-level boilerplate associated with handling raw HTTP and
parsing JSON. This allows a developer to operate at a higher level of abstraction,
thinking in terms of Java objects and methods rather than the mechanics of the
transport protocol, which dramatically increases productivity and reduces the
potential for error.16
Project 2: A Simple To-Do List API (In-Memory)
his project builds upon the "Hello, World" application by implementing a full set of
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CRUD endpoints for a "Task" resource. To maintain focus on the API layer, the data will
be stored in a simple in-memory List or Map, meaning the data will be lost every time
the application restarts.
● Step 1: The Task Model:Create a simple POJO (Plain Old Java Object) named
Task.java. This class will represent the data structure for a single to-do item.
Java
publicclassTask {
privatelong id;
private String title;
private String description;
privateboolean completed;
// Constructors, Getters, and Setters
}
● Step 2: The TaskController and In-Memory Store:Modify the controller from
Project 1 (or create a new TaskController.java) to manage a list of tasks.
ava
J
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/tasks")// Base path for all methods in this controller
publicclassTaskController {
privatefinal List<Task>
tasks =new ArrayList<>();
privatefinal AtomicLong counter =new AtomicLong();
// Endpoint to get all tasks
@GetMapping
publicList<Task>getAllTasks(){
return tasks;
}
// Endpoint to create a new task
@PostMapping
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
publicTaskcreateTask(@RequestBodyTask task){
t ask.setId(counter.incrementAndGet());
tasks.add(task);
return task;
}
// Endpoint to get a single task by ID
@GetMapping("/{id}")
publicTaskgetTaskById(@PathVariablelongid){
return tasks.stream()
.filter(t -> t.getId() == id)
.findFirst()
.orElseThrow(() ->new
ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND));
}
// Endpoint to update a task
@PutMapping("/{id}")
publicTaskupdateTask(@PathVariablelongid,@RequestBodyTask updatedTask){
Task task = tasks.stream()
.filter(t -> t.getId() == id)
.findFirst()
.orElseThrow(() ->new
ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND));
task.setTitle(updatedTask.getTitle());
task.setDescription(updatedTask.getDescription());
task.setCompleted(updatedTask.isCompleted());
return task;
}
// Endpoint to delete a task
@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT)
publicvoiddeleteTask(@PathVariablelongid) {
tasks.removeIf(t -> t.getId() == id);
}
}
○ @RequestMapping("/tasks"): Sets a base path for all endpoints in this
ontroller.
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○ @PathVariable: Binds a method parameter to a value from the URI path (e.g.,
the id in /tasks/{id}).
○ @RequestBody: Instructs Spring to deserialize the incoming HTTP request
body (which will be JSON) into a Task object.
○ @ResponseStatus: Sets the HTTP status code for the response. It's good
practice to return 201 Created for a successful POST and 204 No Content for
a successful DELETE.
Step 3: Testing with Postman:With the application running, use Postman to
●
systematically test each endpoint:
○ Create Task:Send a POST request to http://localhost:8080/tasks with a JSON
body like {"title": "Learn REST APIs", "description": "Complete Module 2",
"completed": false}. Verify that the response returns the created task with an
ID.
○ Get All Tasks:Send a GET request to http://localhost:8080/tasks. Verify that
t he response is an array containing the task just created.
Get Single Task:Send a GET request to http://localhost:8080/tasks/1. Verify
○
that it returns the specific task.
○ Update Task:Send a PUT request to http://localhost:8080/tasks/1 with a
body like {"title": "Learn REST APIs", "description": "Complete Module 2",
"completed": true}. Verify the response reflects the change.
○ Delete Task:Send a DELETE request to http://localhost:8080/tasks/1. Verify
the response has a 204 No Content status. Then, send another GET request
to /tasks to confirm the list is now empty.
Module 3: Data Persistence - Connecting to a Real Database
his module marks a significant step forward, transforming the API from a temporary,
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in-memory application into one that can store data permanently in a
professional-grade relational database.
Core Concepts: The Persistence Layer
he persistence layer is the part of an application responsible for storing and
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retrieving data from a database. The modern Java ecosystem provides a powerful,
layered stack of technologies to handle this. Understanding this hierarchy reveals a
clear trend of increasing abstraction, where each layer was built to solve the pain
points of the one below it, with the ultimate goal of letting developers focus more on
business logic and less on technical "plumbing."
1. JDBC (Java Database Connectivity):At the bottom is JDBC, the low-level API
f or connecting to databases. It requires developers to write raw SQL queries and
manually map the fields from a ResultSet to Java object properties. This process
is powerful but highly verbose, repetitive, and prone to errors.39
. JPA (Java Persistence API) & Hibernate:To solve the problems of JDBC, the
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concept ofObject-Relational Mapping (ORM)was developed. JPA is a
specification—a standard set of annotations and interfaces—that defines how
ORM should work in Java.39
Hibernateis the most popular and powerfulimplementationof the JPA
s pecification.2 It handles the automatic mapping of Java objects to database
tables, converting method calls into the appropriate SQL statements. This was a
massive improvement, but still required significant configuration of its own.43
. Spring Data JPA:This is the highest level of abstraction and the standard for
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modern Spring applications. Spring Data JPA sitson top ofa JPA provider like
Hibernate and its goal is to make data access incredibly simple by eliminating
nearly all boilerplate code.41
Key Components of Spring Data JPA
pring Data JPA achieves its simplicity through a few core components and
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conventions:
● @Entity:This JPA annotation is placed on a Java class to mark it as a database
ntity. Spring Data JPA and Hibernate will then know to map this class to a
e
corresponding table in the database.46 Other annotations like
@Id and @GeneratedValue are used to specify the primary key and its generation
strategy.48
JpaRepository:This is the central interface of Spring Data JPA. To create a data
●
access object (DAO), a developer simply defines a new Javainterfacethat
extends JpaRepository<YourEntity, YourIdType>. At runtime, Spring will
automatically detect this interface and generate a complete, concrete
implementation class that provides a full suite of standard CRUD methods, such
as save(), findById(), findAll(), and deleteById(), with no additional code
required.46 This powerful pattern of programming to an interface cleanly
separates the data access layer from the rest of the application, promoting loose
coupling and making the system far easier to test and maintain.
● Derived Queries:Perhaps the most powerful feature of Spring Data JPA is its
ability to automatically generate database queries directly from thenamesof
methods declared in a repository interface.51 The framework parses the method
name, looks for keywords like
FindBy, And, Or, and Containing, and constructs the appropriate JPQL (Java
Persistence Query Language) query. For example, a method signature like
List<Task> findByCompletedAndTitleContaining(boolean completed, String
keyword); will be automatically implemented by Spring Data to execute a query
that finds all tasks with a specific completion status whose titles contain a given
keyword. This eliminates the need to write most common queries by hand.
Project 3: Upgrading the To-Do List API with PostgreSQL
his project involves refactoring the To-Do List API from Module 2 to persist its data in
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a PostgreSQL database.
● Step 1: Database Setup:First, a PostgreSQL database needs to be available.
his can be done by installing PostgreSQL locally or by running it in a Docker
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container (as will be covered in Module 6). Using a database client like psql or a
graphical tool like DBeaver, create a new database (e.g., todo_db).50
Step 2: Add Dependencies:In the pom.xml file, two new dependencies are
●
required:
○ spring-boot-starter-data-jpa: This starter brings in Spring Data JPA,
Hibernate, and other necessary persistence libraries.46
○ postgresql: This is the JDBC driver that allows the Java application to
communicate with a PostgreSQL database.53
ML
X
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
<artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
● Step 3: Configure application.properties:The application needs to be told how
t o connect to the new database. This is done in the
src/main/resources/application.properties file.
Properties
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/todo_db
spring.datasource.username=postgres
spring.datasource.password=your_password_here
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update
spring.jpa.show-sql=true
○ The datasource properties define the connection URL, username, and
assword.48
p
○ spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update: This is a very useful development-time
property. It instructs Hibernate to compare the defined @Entity classes with
the database schema on startup and automatically add any missing tables or
columns. While extremely convenient for development, it can be destructive
and should be used with caution or replaced with a more robust database
migration tool like Flyway in production environments.50
○ spring.jpa.show-sql=true: This prints the SQL queries generated by Hibernate
to the console, which is invaluable for debugging.
Step 4: Refactor the Task Model:The Task POJO must be converted into a JPA
●
entity by adding the appropriate annotations.
Java
import jakarta.persistence.Entity;
import jakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import jakarta.persistence.GenerationType;
import jakarta.persistence.Id;
@Entity
publicclassTask {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String title;
private String description;
privateboolean completed;
// Getters and Setters
}
○ @Entity: Marks this class as a JPA entity, mapped to a table named task by
efault.47
d
○ @Id: Designates the id field as the primary key.
○ @GeneratedValue: Configures the primary key generation strategy. IDENTITY
delegates the key generation to the database's auto-increment column
feature.48
Step 5: Create TaskRepository:Create a new Java interface named
●
TaskRepository.java. This interface will be the heart of the data access layer.
Java
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
publicinterfaceTaskRepositoryextendsJpaRepository<Task, Long>{
// No methods needed here for basic CRUD!
}
y extending JpaRepository<Task, Long>, this interface inherits all the necessary
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methods for creating, reading, updating, and deleting Task entities without any
implementation code.
Step 6: Introduce a Service Layer and Update the Controller:It is a standard
●
best practice to introduce a "Service" layer to mediate between the web layer
(Controller) and the data access layer (Repository). This separates concerns and
encapsulates business logic.
○ Create a TaskService.java class:
Java
@Service// Marks this as a Spring service bean
publicclassTaskService {
privatefinal TaskRepository taskRepository;
@Autowired// Injects the TaskRepository bean
publicTaskService(TaskRepository taskRepository) {
this.taskRepository = taskRepository;
}
publicList<Task>findAllTasks(){
return taskRepository.findAll();
}
publicTasksaveTask(Task task){
return taskRepository.save(task);
}
//... other service methods for get by ID, update, delete
}
○ Refactor the TaskController to remove the in-memory list and instead call the
new TaskService.
ava
J
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/tasks")
publicclassTaskController {
privatefinal TaskService taskService;
@Autowired
publicTaskController(TaskService taskService) {
this.taskService = taskService;
}
@GetMapping
publicList<Task>getAllTasks(){
return taskService.findAllTasks();
}
@PostMapping
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
publicTaskcreateTask(@RequestBodyTask task){
return taskService.saveTask(task);
}
//... other controller methods
}
● Step 7: Verification:Run the application. The ddl-auto=update property will
ause Hibernate to create the task table in the todo_db database. Use Postman to
c
POST a new task. The application will now save it to the PostgreSQL database.
Stop and restart the application. Now, use Postman to GET all tasks. The
previously created task will still be there, demonstrating that the data has been
successfully persisted.
odule 4: Securing Your Application - Authentication &
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Authorization
his module addresses a non-negotiable requirement for any real-world application:
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security. It covers the implementation of a robust system to verify user identities and
control their access to resources.
Core Concepts: Introduction to Application Security
ecurity is a broad field, but for a web application, it primarily revolves around two
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fundamental concepts:
● Authentication (AuthN):This is the process of verifying a user's identity. It
nswers the question, "Who are you?" This is typically achieved by asking for
a
credentials, like a username and password, and checking them against a trusted
source (e.g., a database).55
Authorization (AuthZ):This is the process of determining if an authenticated
●
user has permission to perform a specific action or access a particular resource.
It answers the question, "What are you allowed to do?" This is usually managed
through roles (e.g., USER, ADMIN) or fine-grained permissions.55
Spring Security
pring Security is a powerful and highly customizable framework that provides
S
comprehensive security services for Spring-based applications. It can seem
intimidating at first, but its core architecture is based on a chain of servlet filters.
Every incoming HTTP request must pass through this filter chain, where various
security checks (like authentication, authorization, CSRF protection, etc.) are
performed.57 Understanding that security is not a single, monolithic block but a
pipeline of independent, configurable filters is the key to mastering the framework.
This modular, "Chain of Responsibility" design pattern makes it incredibly extensible.
Password Hashing with BCryptPasswordEncoder
foundational rule of security is thatpasswords must never, ever be stored in
A
plaintext. If a database is compromised, storing plaintext passwords would expose
every user's credentials. Instead, passwords must be passed through a one-way
hashingfunction.
owever, not all hashing functions are equal. Fast algorithms like MD5 or SHA-256 are
H
unsuitable for passwords because they are vulnerable to brute-force and "rainbow
t able" attacks. Spring Security promotes the use of slow,adaptive hashing
algorithms, withBCryptbeing the most common and recommended choice.59 BCrypt
is deliberately computationally intensive, making it expensive for an attacker to try
many password guesses. Furthermore, it automatically incorporates a random "salt"
into each hash. This means that even if two users have the same password, their
stored hashes will be completely different, rendering pre-computed rainbow tables
useless.60 In a Spring application, the
CryptPasswordEncoder is configured as a bean and used to both encode passwords
B
for storage and verify them during login.58
Modern Authentication: JSON Web Tokens (JWT)
he stateless nature of REST APIs, established in Module 2, presents a challenge for
T
traditional authentication. Older web applications often used server-side sessions,
where the server would create a session upon login and send a session ID back to the
client as a cookie. This is a stateful mechanism.
SON Web Tokens (JWTs)are the modern solution for stateless authentication in
J
REST APIs and microservices.7 A JWT is a compact, self-contained token that securely
transmits information between parties as a JSON object. The move from stateful
session IDs to stateless JWTs was a necessary evolution driven by the architectural
shift to distributed systems. A JWT can be passed between different microservices,
and each service can independently verify its authenticity without needing to contact
a central session store, which directly supports the scalability and resilience goals of
modern backends.
A JWT consists of three parts separated by dots (.):
1. Header:A JSON object containing metadata about the token, such as the signing
lgorithm used (e.g., HMAC SHA256).
a
. Payload:A JSON object containing the "claims," which are statements about an
2
entity. This typically includes the user's identity (the "subject"), an expiration time,
and any roles or permissions.
3. Signature:This is the most critical part. It is created by taking the encoded
header, the encoded payload, a secret key known only to the server, and signing
them with the algorithm specified in the header. This signature ensures that the
token has not been tampered with in transit.63
Project 4: Adding User Security to the To-Do List API
his project integrates Spring Security and JWTs into the To-Do List API to protect its
T
endpoints.
● Step 1: Add Dependencies:Open the pom.xml and add the necessary
dependencies.
ML
X
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
<
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
<artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId>
version>0.11.5</version>
<
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
<artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId>
<version>0.11.5</version>
<scope>runtime</scope>
/dependency>
<
<dependency>
<groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
<artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId>
<version>0.11.5</version>
scope>runtime</scope>
<
</dependency>
he spring-boot-starter-security dependency automatically configures a basic
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level of security.7 The
jjwt libraries provide a convenient API for working with JWTs.65
Step 2: The User Entity and Repository:Create a User entity to store user
●
credentials and roles, along with a corresponding UserRepository.
ava
J
@Entity
@Table(name = "app_users")// "users" is often a reserved keyword in SQL
publicclassUser {
@Id@GeneratedValueprivate Long id;
@Column(unique = true)private String username;
private String password;
private String roles;// e.g., "USER,ADMIN"
// Getters and setters
}
reate a UserRepository interface that extends JpaRepository and add a method
C
to find a user by their username.66
Step 3: Implement UserDetailsService:Spring Security needs a way to load
●
user data. This is done by creating a service that implements the
UserDetailsService interface.
ava
J
@Service
publicclassJpaUserDetailsServiceimplementsUserDetailsService {
privatefinal UserRepository userRepository;
//... constructor injection...
@Override
publicUserDetailsloadUserByUsername(String username)throws
UsernameNotFoundException{
return userRepository.findByUsername(username)
.map(SecurityUser::new)// Convert our User to Spring Security's UserDetails
.orElseThrow(() ->new UsernameNotFoundException("Username not found: " +
username));
}
}
he service fetches the custom User entity from the database and maps it to a
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UserDetails object that Spring Security can understand.67
Step 4: Create Authentication Endpoints:A new AuthController is needed for
●
public-facing registration and login endpoints.
○ POST /auth/register: This endpoint will accept a new user's details, use the
BCryptPasswordEncoder to hash the password, and save the new User entity
to the database.
○ POST /auth/login: This endpoint will accept a username and password. It will
use Spring Security's AuthenticationManager to verify the credentials. If
s uccessful, it will generate a JWT containing the user's name and roles and
return it to the client.7
Step 5: Implement the JWT Authentication Filter:This is the core of the JWT
●
mechanism. A custom filter is created that executes for every request.
ava
J
@Component
publicclassJwtAuthenticationFilterextendsOncePerRequestFilter {
//... inject JWT service and UserDetailsService...
@Override
protectedvoiddoFilterInternal(...) {
final String authHeader = request.getHeader("Authorization");
if (authHeader ==null ||!authHeader.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
return;
}
final String jwt = authHeader.substring(7);
final String username = jwtService.extractUsername(jwt);
if (username!=null &&
SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication() ==null) {
UserDetails userDetails =
this.userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(username);
if ( jwtService.isTokenValid(jwt, userDetails)) {
// If token is valid, update security context
sernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authToken =new
U
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(...);
SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authToken);
}
}
filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
}
}
his filter intercepts the request, looks for the Authorization: Bearer <token>
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header, validates the token, and if valid, sets the authenticated user in the
SecurityContextHolder. This tells the rest of the application that the current
request is authenticated.7
Step 6: Configure the SecurityFilterChain:The modern way to configure Spring
●
Security (since Spring Boot 3) is by defining a SecurityFilterChain bean.
ava
J
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
publicclassSecurityConfig {
//... inject JwtAuthenticationFilter and JpaUserDetailsService...
@Bean
publicSecurityFilterChainsecurityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http)throwsException{
http
.csrf(csrf -> csrf.disable())
.authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
.requestMatchers("/auth/**").permitAll()// Allow public access to auth endpoints
.anyRequest().authenticated()// Secure all other endpoints
)
.sessionManagement(session ->
session.sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS))
.authenticationProvider(authenticationProvider())
.addFilterBefore(jwtAuthFilter,
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);
return http.build();
}
//... define beans for AuthenticationProvider, AuthenticationManager, and PasswordEncoder...
}
his configuration disables CSRF (not needed for stateless APIs), sets the session
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policy to STATELESS, defines which URL paths are public and which are
protected, and crucially, inserts our custom JwtAuthenticationFilter into the
security filter chain.7
Step 7: Tying Tasks to Users:Finally, modify the Task entity to have a
●
@ManyToOne relationship with the User entity. The TaskService methods will be
updated to associate new tasks with the currently authenticated user (retrieved
from the SecurityContextHolder) and to only fetch tasks that belong to that user.
This enforces data ownership and authorization.
Module 5: Ensuring Code Quality - A Primer on Testing
riting code is only half the battle. Professional software development requires a
W
disciplined approach to testing to ensure that the application is reliable, correct, and
maintainable. This module introduces the fundamental tools and strategies for
automated testing in a Spring Boot application.
Core Concepts: The Testing Pyramid
he testing pyramid is a widely accepted model that illustrates a healthy testing
T
strategy. It consists of three layers:
1. Unit Tests (Base):These form the largest part of the pyramid. They test a single,
s mall piece of functionality (a "unit," like a single method or class) in complete
isolation from its dependencies. They are very fast to run and cheap to write.
. Integration Tests (Middle):This smaller layer tests how multiple components of
2
the application work together. For example, testing the interaction between a
controller, a service, and a database. They are slower and more complex than unit
tests.
3. End-to-End (E2E) Tests (Top):This is the smallest layer. These tests simulate a
real user's workflow through the entire application, often including the user
interface. They are the slowest and most brittle type of test.
This guide focuses on the two foundational layers: unit and integration tests.
Tools of the Trade
he spring-boot-starter-test dependency, included by default in projects created with
T
Spring Initializr, provides a powerful suite of testing tools.70
● JUnit 5:This is the standard framework for writing and running tests in the Java
cosystem. It provides annotations like @Test to mark a method as a test case,
e
and other lifecycle annotations like @BeforeEach (runs before each test) and
@AfterEach (runs after each test) to set up and tear down test conditions.72
Mockito:Mockito is a premier mocking framework for Java.74 In the context of
●
nit testing, it is essential to isolate the class being tested from its dependencies.
u
Mocking is the act of creating a "fake" or simulated version of a dependency. This
allows a developer to control the behavior of the dependency precisely and verify
that the class under test interacts with it as expected.72 The ability to test
components in isolation is a direct benefit of the Dependency Injection pattern;
because dependencies are injected, they can be easily replaced with mocks
during testing.
Spring Boot Test Slices:A key feature of Spring Boot's testing support is the
●
concept of "test slices." Instead of loading the entire application and all its beans
for every test (which is slow), slice annotations can be used to load only the
specific parts ("slices") of the application context relevant to the test at hand.72
Using the correct slice annotation is a hallmark of a proficient Spring developer,
as it dramatically improves the speed and efficiency of the test suite. Common
slices include:
○ @WebMvcTest: For testing the web layer (controllers, serialization, etc.).
○ @DataJpaTest: For testing the persistence layer (JPA repositories).
○ @JsonTest: For testing JSON serialization and deserialization.
Project 5: Writing a Test Suite for the To-Do List API
his project involves adding a comprehensive set of unit and integration tests for the
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secured To-Do List API.
● Step 1: Unit Testing the Service Layer:The goal here is to test the business
logic in TaskService in complete isolation from the database.
○ The test class will be annotated with @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) to
enable Mockito's features.70
○ Inside the test class, the TaskRepository dependency will be mocked using
the @Mock annotation. The TaskService itself will be instantiated with
@InjectMocks, which tells Mockito to inject any fields annotated with @Mock
into it.72
○ For each test case, the behavior of the mocked repository will be defined
using Mockito.when(...).thenReturn(...). For example:
when(taskRepository.findAll()).thenReturn(List.of(new Task()));. This tells the
mock that when its findAll method is called, it should return a specific list of
tasks.
○ The TaskService method is then called, and its result is verified using JUnit's
ssertion methods, like Assertions.assertEquals(...), to ensure it behaved
a
correctly given the controlled input from the mock.
Step 2: Testing the Web Layer (@WebMvcTest):This tests that the
●
TaskController is correctly configured to handle HTTP requests, serialize JSON,
and interact with the service layer, without needing a real database or a running
web server.
○ The test class will be annotated with @WebMvcTest(TaskController.class). This
slice annotation tells Spring Boot to load only the web-layer components (like
controllers and JSON converters) and to auto-configure a MockMvc object.72
○ Since this is a slice test, the real TaskService is not part of the context. Its
dependency must be provided as a mock using the @MockBean annotation.
This adds a Mockito mock of the service to the application context.72
○ The MockMvc object is then used to perform simulated HTTP requests and
make assertions on the response. For example:
ava
J
@Autowired
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@MockBean
private TaskService taskService;
@Test
voidshouldReturnListOfTasks()throwsException{
when(taskService.findAllTasks()).thenReturn(List.of(new Task()));
mockMvc.perform(get("/tasks"))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.title").value("Sample Task"));
}
his test mocks the service layer, performs a fake GET request to /tasks, and
T
asserts that the HTTP status is 200 OK and that the JSON response has the
expected structure and content.19
Step 3: Testing the Data Layer (@DataJpaTest):This tests the persistence
●
layer, ensuring that JPA entity mappings are correct and that repository queries
work as expected.
○ The test class is annotated with @DataJpaTest. This slice annotation disables
full auto-configuration and applies only the configuration relevant to JPA
tests. By default, it configures an in-memory H2 database and rolls back
transactions after each test, ensuring tests are isolated from each other and
f rom the real PostgreSQL database.72
The real TaskRepository can be autowired directly into the test.
○
○ The test will then use the repository to perform actual database operations
(e.g., save a Task entity) and then use other repository methods (e.g.,
findById) to retrieve it and assert that the data was persisted and retrieved
correctly. This provides high confidence that the database layer is functioning
properly.
odule 6: Preparing for Deployment - Containerization with
M
Docker
his final instructional module focuses on packaging and running the application in a
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portable, consistent, and cloud-ready manner using Docker. Containerization is a
foundational skill for modern software deployment.
Core Concepts: The Why and How of Containerization
● What is Docker?Docker is a platform that enables developers to package
pplications and their dependencies into standardized, isolated environments
a
calledcontainers.7 8
Solving "It Works on My Machine":The primary problem Docker solves is
●
environment inconsistency. A container bundles everything an application needs
to run—the application code, a runtime (like the JRE), system tools, and
libraries—into a single, immutable artifact.78 This guarantees that the application
will run the exact same way on a developer's laptop, a testing server, or in a
production cloud environment, eliminating a common source of bugs and
deployment failures.79
● Benefits of Containerization:The benefits are significant and have made
containers the standard unit of deployment for modern applications:
○ Portability:A container can run on any machine that has Docker installed,
regardless of the underlying operating system.
○ Consistency:Guarantees a consistent environment from development
through to production.
○ Scalability:Containers are lightweight and can be started and stopped
uickly, making it easy to scale applications up or down based on demand.
q
Isolation:Containers run in isolation from each other on the same host
○
machine, preventing dependency conflicts.80
ontainerization is not just a deployment detail; it fundamentally improves the entire
C
development workflow. Using tools like Docker Compose, a developer can spin up a
complete, production-like environment—including the application, database, and
other services—on their local machine with a single command. This drastically
reduces the gap between development and production environments and simplifies
the onboarding process for new team members, who no longer need to manually
install and configure complex dependencies.80
Dockerizing a Spring Boot Application
The Dockerfile
Dockerfile is a text file that contains a set of instructions for building a Docker
A
image.82 For optimal results, a
ulti-stage buildis a critical best practice. This technique separates the build-time
m
environment (which needs tools like the full JDK and Maven) from the final run-time
environment (which only needs the JRE), resulting in a much smaller, more secure,
and faster-to-deploy production image.
A professional multi-stage Dockerfile for a Spring Boot application looks like this:
Code snippet
Stage 1: Build the application
#
FROM maven:3.8-openjdk-17 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
OPY pom.xml.
C
COPY src./src
RUN mvn clean package -DskipTests
Stage 2: Create the final, optimized image
#
FROM openjdk:17-jre-slim
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/target/*.jar app.jar
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]
● Stage 1 (builder):Starts from a base image that contains Maven and the JDK. It
opies the project source code and uses Maven to build the executable JAR file.79
c
Stage 2 (Final Image):Starts from a new, minimal base image that only contains
●
the Java Runtime Environment (jre-slim). It then copiesonlythe compiled JAR file
from the builder stage into the final image.80
● ENTRYPOINT: Specifies the command that will be executed when a container is
started from this image.83
Docker Compose
hile a Dockerfile is used to build a single image,Docker Composeis a tool for
W
defining and running multi-container applications.81 It uses a YAML file (typically
ocker-compose.yml) to configure an application's services, networks, and volumes.
d
This is essential for managing the To-Do List application and its PostgreSQL database
dependency together during local development.80
Project 6: Containerizing the To-Do List API
his project takes the completed application and packages it for deployment using
T
Docker and Docker Compose.
● Step 1: Create the Dockerfile:Add the multi-stage Dockerfile described above
t o the root directory of the Spring Boot project.
Step 2: Build the Docker Image:From the project's root directory, run the
●
docker build command to create the image.
Bash
docker build -t my-todo-app:1.0.
his command tells Docker to build an image from the Dockerfile in the current
T
directory (.) and tag it (-t) with the name my-todo-app and version 1.0.
Step 3: Create docker-compose.yml:In the same root directory, create a
●
docker-compose.yml file to define the complete application stack.
YAML
v ersion:'3.8'
services:
app:
build:.
image:my-todo-app:1.0
ports:
-"8080:8080"
environment:
-SPRING_DATASOURCE_URL=jdbc:postgresql://db:5432/todo_db
-SPRING_DATASOURCE_USERNAME=postgres
-SPRING_DATASOURCE_PASSWORD=password
depends_on:
-db
db:
image:postgres:15-alpine
ports:
-"5432:5432"
environment:
-POSTGRES_DB=todo_db
-POSTGRES_USER=postgres
-POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password
volumes:
-postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
volumes:
postgres_data:
○ This file defines twoservices: app and db.
○ The app service is built from the local Dockerfile. It maps port 8080 on the
host to port 8080 in the container. Crucially, it passes the database
onnection details asenvironment variables. Note that the database host is
c
db, the name of the other service in the Compose file, as Docker Compose
creates a private network for the services. It also specifies that the app
service depends_on the db service, ensuring the database starts first.
○ The db service uses the official postgres image from Docker Hub. It also
defines the necessary environment variables to initialize the database.
○ A namedvolume(postgres_data) is used to persist the data from the
PostgreSQL container on the host machine. This ensures that data is not lost
even if the db container is removed and recreated.
Step 4: Launch the Stack:With Docker Desktop running, execute a single
●
command from the project directory:
Bash
docker-compose up
his command will read the docker-compose.yml file, build the app image if it
T
doesn't exist, and start both the PostgreSQL and Spring Boot application
containers.
Step 5: Verification:Once both services are running, the entire application is
●
accessible at http://localhost:8080. Use Postman to create and retrieve tasks. The
application is now fully containerized, with both the backend and the database
running in isolated, portable Docker containers.
Capstone Project Blueprint: An E-commerce Platform Backend
his final section provides the architectural blueprint for a significant capstone
T
project. This project is designed to be built independently, allowing the developer to
synthesize and apply all the skills acquired throughout the previous modules. It is a
substantial undertaking that, when completed, will serve as a powerful centerpiece for
a professional portfolio.
Project Vision
The project is to build the backend for a modern e-commerce application. It will be
rchitected as a"modular monolith."This is a pragmatic and highly recommended
a
approach for new applications. It involves building a single, deployable application (a
monolith) but with its internal code structure organized into clean, well-defined, and
loosely coupled modules (e.g., User service, Product service, Order service).
his approach provides the development and operational simplicity of a single
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application and database, avoiding the premature complexity of a full microservices
architecture (which involves network communication, service discovery, distributed
transactions, etc.).2 However, by enforcing strong internal boundaries, it teaches the
design principles necessary for microservices and makes a future transition to a
microservices architecture far easier. For a learner, this architecture offers the best of
both worlds: it is simple enough to build and deploy, but it instills the design discipline
required for more complex, distributed systems.
Feature Breakdown & Module Mapping
he e-commerce platform will be broken down into several logical services, each
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mapping to the concepts learned in the preceding modules.
● User & Authentication Service (Module 4):
○ Functionality:Handles all user-related concerns.
○ Endpoints:
■ POST /auth/register: Allows a new user to create an account.
■ POST /auth/login: Authenticates a user and returns a JWT.
■ GET /users/me: A protected endpoint for a user to retrieve their own
rofile information.
p
○ Security:Implements role-based access control (RBAC) with at least two
roles: USER and ADMIN.
Product Catalog Service (Modules 2, 3):
●
○ Functionality:Manages the inventory of products.
○ Endpoints:
■ GET /products: A public endpoint to list all available products, with
support for pagination.
■ GET /products/{id}: A public endpoint to view the details of a single
product.
■ POST /products, PUT /products/{id}, DELETE /products/{id}: Admin-only
endpoints, protected by Spring Security, for creating, updating, and
eleting products.
d
Shopping Cart Service (Modules 2, 3, 4):
●
○ Functionality:Allows authenticated users to manage a persistent shopping
cart.
○ Endpoints:
■ GET /cart: Retrieves the contents of the current authenticated user's cart.
■ POST /cart/items: Adds a product to the user's cart.
■ PUT /cart/items/{productId}: Updates the quantity of a product in the cart.
■ DELETE /cart/items/{productId}: Removes a product from the cart.
○ Persistence:The cart's state will be stored in the database and linked to the
user's ID.
● Order Service (Modules 2, 3, 4):
○ Functionality:Handles the checkout process.
○ Endpoints:
■ POST /orders: A highly transactional endpoint that converts a user's
current shopping cart into a permanent Order record, clears the cart, and
returns the created order.
■ GET /orders: Allows a user to view their own order history.
■ GET /orders/{id}: Allows a user to view the details of a specific past order.
Advanced Feature Integration (A Look Ahead)
o make the project even more industry-relevant, this section provides guidance on
T
how to integrate more advanced technologies, demonstrating a path for future
learning.
● Asynchronous Notifications with RabbitMQ:
○ Problem:When a user places an order, they shouldn't have to wait for the
s ystem to send a confirmation email. This synchronous process makes the API
call slow and brittle (if the email service is down, the order might fail).
Solution:Decouple the systems using a message queue.20 When an order is
○
successfully created in the
OrderService, instead of sending the email directly, it will publish an
OrderCreatedEvent message to aRabbitMQexchange.84 A separate,
independent
NotificationService will act as a consumer, listening to the RabbitMQ queue.
When it receives an OrderCreatedEvent message, it will handle the logic of
s ending the confirmation email. This makes the checkout process faster and
more resilient.86
Enhanced Search with Elasticsearch:
●
○ Problem:Searching for products using standard SQL LIKE queries is
inefficient and provides a poor user experience for full-text search.
○ Solution:Integrate a dedicated search engine likeElasticsearch.2 When a
product is created or updated in the
ProductService, an event can be published (e.g., via RabbitMQ) to a separate
indexing process. This process takes the product data and indexes it in
Elasticsearch. The application's main search endpoint (GET
/products/search?q=...) will then query the highly optimized Elasticsearch
index instead of the primary SQL database, providing fast, relevant, and
feature-rich search results.
Proposed API Design
Endpoint Method Description Authorization Request Body
/auth/register POST egister a new
R Public RegisterUserDto
user.
/auth/login POST uthenticate
A Public oginRequestDt
L
and get JWT. o
/products GET et a paginated
G Public None
list of products.
/products/{id} GET et a single
G Public None
product by ID.
/products POST reate a new
C ADMIN ProductDto
product.
/cart GET et the current
G USER None
user's cart.
/cart/items POST Add an item to USER CartItemDto
the cart.
/orders POST lace an order
P USER None
from the cart.
/orders GET et the current
G USER None
user's order
history.
Proposed Database Schema
he core of the database would consist of several JPA entities with defined
T
relationships:
● User (id, username, password, role)
● Product (id, name, description, price, stockQuantity)
● Cart (id, user) -> @OneToOne relationship with User
● CartItem (id, cart, product, quantity) -> @ManyToOne relationships with Cart and
roduct
P
Order (id, user, orderDate, status, totalAmount) -> @ManyToOne relationship with
●
User
● OrderItem (id, order, product, quantity, price) -> @ManyToOne relationships with
Order and Product
Conclusion: Your Journey as a Developer
his guide has charted a comprehensive path from foundational Java knowledge to
T
the ability to design, build, test, and containerize a sophisticated, secure, and
data-driven backend application. The journey began with the core principles of the
Spring ecosystem, progressed through the creation of industry-standard REST APIs,
delved into data persistence with Spring Data JPA, secured the application with
Spring Security and JWTs, established a professional testing discipline with JUnit and
Mockito, and concluded with modern deployment practices using Docker.
he completion of the modular projects and the capstone blueprint signifies the
T
acquisition of a robust and highly sought-after skill set. However, the journey of a
software developer is one of continuous learning. This solid foundation is the
launching point for exploring more advanced and specialized topics that define
senior-level engineering.
The path forward can branch in many exciting directions:
● Cloud Deployment:Mastering the deployment of containerized applications to
ajor cloud platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform
m
(GCP), or Microsoft Azure. This involves learning about services like AWS Elastic
Beanstalk for simple deployments or container orchestrators like Kubernetes
(EKS, GKE, AKS) for managing complex, scalable systems.2
● CI/CD Automation:Automating the build, test, and deployment process using
Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines. This involves
tools like Jenkins, GitHub Actions, or GitLab CI/CD to ensure that code changes
are automatically and reliably delivered to production, accelerating development
cycles and reducing human error.2
● Microservices Architecture:Taking the principles of the "modular monolith" to
their conclusion by breaking the application into truly independent,
network-communicating microservices. This requires a deep dive into the Spring
Cloud ecosystem, which provides tools for handling the complexities of
distributed systems, such as service discovery (Eureka), API gateways, and
distributed configuration.2
● Reactive Programming:Exploring the reactive programming paradigm with
Spring WebFlux. This non-blocking, event-driven approach is designed for
building highly concurrent applications that can handle massive numbers of
simultaneous connections with greater resource efficiency.20
● Advanced Data Technologies:Investigating alternatives and complements to
the technologies covered, such as usingGraphQLfor more flexible and efficient
API data fetching, or exploring the world ofNoSQLdatabases like MongoDB for
use cases that don't fit the rigid schema of a relational database.2
he skills and principles outlined in this roadmap—from dependency injection and
T
stateless APIs to automated testing and containerization—are not just specific to
Java. They are the foundational patterns of modern software engineering. By
mastering them, a developer is well-equipped for a long and successful career
building the next generation of software.
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