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How JavaScript Works: Master the Basics of JavaScript and
Modern Web App Development 1st Edition Jonathon Simpson
The Modern Web Multi Device Web Development with HTML5
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Jonathon Simpson
How JavaScript Works
Master the Basics of JavaScript and Modern
Web App Development
Jonathon Simpson
Belfast, Antrim, UK
ISBN 978-1-4842-9737-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-9738-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9738-4
© Jonathon Simpson 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,
service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
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This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress
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The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
Introduction
JavaScript is one of the most used programming languages in the world.
When JavaScript was first created, it was a useful tool for adding
interactivity to web pages. Since then, it has evolved to power back-end
servers, massive front-end web applications, and even iPhone and
Android applications via tools like Electron and Tauri.
While JavaScript has matured as a language its complexity seems to
have increased. What started as simple scripts inside HTML tags now
seems to involve compile steps via TypeScript and frameworks like
React, Vue.js, or Svelte. For those getting started in JavaScript, it can be
overwhelming, even though these tools are just an additional level of
abstraction which ultimately compiles down into vanilla JavaScript.
In this book, we’ll learn how JavaScript works from the bottom up,
which will prepare you for everything web development and JavaScript-
led app development can throw at you. We’ll also explain some of the
quirks you’ll find in JavaScript and how many of them have come to be
due to JavaScript’s long and varied history.
After that, we’ll cover JavaScript’s unique approach to inheritance
before moving into more complicated topics like memory management,
classes, APIs, and web workers. We’ll explore how the weakly typed
system JavaScript employs has both benefits and downsides.
As a fundamental part of the web stack, and with more people using
it every day, there has never been a better time to learn JavaScript. This
book will guide you through everything you need to know, so that you
can master modern web app development.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:Introduction to JavaScript
JavaScript Fundamentals
JavaScript’s Type Classification
What Is JavaScript Used For?
Writing JavaScript
Summary
Chapter 2:Code Structure and Logical Statements
Getting Started
Common Code Conventions
Semicolons
Spacing
Variable and Function Naming
JavaScript Variables
Setting Variables with let
Setting Variables with var
Setting Variables with const
Defining Variables Without Values
Assignment Operators
Variable Concatenation
JavaScript Comments
Logical Statements
If…else Statements
Switch Statements
Block Scoping with Logical Statements
Conditional Operator in Variables
Logical Statement Comparison Operators
Logical Statement Logical Operators
Summary
Chapter 3:Introduction to Objects, Arrays
Arrays
Getting the Length of an Array
Getting the Last Element of an Array
Array Manipulation Methods
Push and Unshift
Pop and Shift
Splice
Objects
Accessing Object Data
Object Mutability
Spread Syntax or the “Three Dots”
Prototype-Based Programming
Prototypical Inheritance
[[Prototype]] vs.prototype (and __proto__)
Object Shallow and Deep Copies
Summary
Chapter 4:Loops and Iterables
Loops
Break and Continue in Loops
Loop Labels
Iteration
Iterables and For Loops
Array forEach methods
String Iteration
Iteration Protocol
Objects Are Not Iterable by Default
Summary
Chapter 5:References, Values, and Memory Management
Introduction
Stacks
The Event Loop
The Heap
Object and Reference Equality
Summary
Chapter 6:Functions and Classes
Introduction to Functions
Running Arguments with the “Three Dots”
Alternative Ways to Call Functions
Unnamed Function Expressions
Anonymous Functions
Functions with Arrow Notation
Functions and the “this” Keyword
Sloppy Mode
Arrow Notation Functionality with this
Calling Functions with Context
Constructor Functions in JavaScript
Additional Function Methods
Getters and Setters
Generator Functions
Classes
Classes and Constructor Functions
Class Methods
Class Method Types
Class Inheritance via Extends
Summary
Chapter 7:Types
Primitive Types
Primitive Wrappers
Using Wrappers to Create Types
The Number Type and NaN
Number Type Mathematics
Mathematical Methods
The Date Type
The Symbol Type
Truthy and Falsy Types
Truthy and Falsy Operators
Logical AND Operator
Logical OR Operator
Nullish Coalescing
Optionality
Summary
Chapter 8:Manipulating and Interacting with HTML
Window and Document Objects
The Window Object
The Document Object Model
Selecting HTML Elements
The Order of HTML
NodeLists and HTMLCollections
Manipulating HTML After Selection
Adding Events to HTML Elements
Creating a Modal Window
Creating a Counter
Event Types
Drag and Drop
The e variable
Creating New Elements with JavaScript
Manipulating CSS with JavaScript
HTMLElements and Changing Styles in JavaScript
Adding New Style Sheets to HTML Pages
Setting CSS Variables
Getting CSS Properties and HTML Dimensions
Summary
Chapter 9:Maps and Sets
Sets
Modifying Sets
Checking Set Membership
Checking Set Size
Merging Sets
Set Iteration and Values
Maps
Retrieving Map Properties
Checking for Key Existence on a Map
Telling How Big a Javascript Map Is
Iterating, Merging, and Accessing Maps
Keys and Values in Maps
Serialization of Maps in JavaScript
Summary
Chapter 10:Fetching Data, APIs, and Promises
What Are APIs?
Understanding HTTP
RESTful Design
Understanding APIs Through a Node.JS Web Server
Testing Endpoints with Postman
The Benefits of APIs
Sending Data to APIs with JSON
The fetch Function
A Deep Dive into Fetch Options
Asynchronicity and Promises
Promise Methods:then, finally, and catch
The await Keyword
Useful Promise Methods
Summary
Chapter 11:Introduction to Web APIs
Web APIs
Frequently Used Web APIs
URL API
Web Storage API
Web Notifications API
History API
Summary
Chapter 12:Errors and the Console
The Console Object
Console Errors, Debugs, Warnings, and Info
Console Timing
Console Counting
Other Useful Console Methods
Console Grouping
Console Tables
Errors and Exceptions
try…catch
Generating Errors
Handling Specific Errors
Summary
Chapter 13:The Canvas
Introduction
Drawing and Images
Drawing Rectangles
Drawing Circles
Drawing Triangles
Drawing Images
Drawing Text
Interactivity and Creating a Drawing Application
Animations
Summary
Chapter 14:Web Workers and Multithreading
Introduction
Using Web Workers
Sending Messages to and from Web Workers
Restrictions on Web Workers
Conclusion
Index
About the Author
Jonathon Simpson
studied at UCL and currently works in product development at Revolut,
a global neobank and financial technology company that offers banking
services. He has over 15 years of web development experience working
on a wide range of products and services. Jonathon also owns and
operates a popular software engineering blog focusing on JavaScript
and web development.
About the Technical Reviewer
Russ Ferguson
is a web application developer living in Brooklyn, New York. He has
worked on projects for organizations such as Ann Taylor, MTV, DC
Comics, and LG. Currently, he is the Vice President at Bank of America
managing a team of Angular developers, building internal applications.
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